criminology paper - 1699 Words

Strain Theory in Relation to Crime Strain causes people to act against the law, breaking laws to attain their means. Merton’s theory on strain and anomie provides us with reasons for why the offender committed the crime break and enter. Merton’s strain theory shows us that the offender understood the norms of society but could not attain the means of it, he needed money go back to his girlfriend who was out west. Merton’s theory states that an individual who is lacking in social forms is more likely to commit crime due to stress. The offender grew up with many different types of strain, destine for failure in life when he dropped out of high school. Without a high school education he had a hard time finding a job and had a strain on†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The disparity between what lower class youth are led to want and what is actually available to them is the source of a major problem of adjustment. Adolescents who form delinquent subcultures †¦ have internalized on emphasis up on conventional goals. Faced with limitations on legitimate avenues of access to these goals, and unable to revise their aspirations downward, they experience intense frustrations; the exportation of non conformist alternatives ma be the result.† (Murphy, Robinson) 2) To reduce crime in a society using Merton’s strain theory there must be equal opportunities for everyone. With equal opportunities there will be no need to commit crimes to gain wealth, as everyone has the same opportunity to gain wealth. As today more and more people are being hired because they have a certain amount of pull with one company are they might know that person who can give a good recommendation. Basically there is a need to remove the work politics. There needs to be more social groups and meetings for people that are struggling to find jobs or those who have lower than normal incomes so crime can be prevented. Without equal opportunity one will be forced to preclude way to get means illegally. The individual had a loss of attachment with the social world, also not having any say or direct control like a boss of a company caused him to commit crime. He committed these crimes because he was in a low social class removed from society. The community did nothing t oShow MoreRelatedThe General Strain Theory Of Social Psychology1647 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The general strain theory has developed into among the greatest crime theories of social psychology with a fairly developed research body. General Strain Theory is thought to be a strong philosophy, and has gathered a lot of experimental confirmation, and has additionally extended its essential degree by offering clarifications of wonders outside of criminal conduct. There are diverse negative relationships with strain or stress that result in negative emotions along with encouragingRead MoreA Critical Comparison Of Marxist Theory And Merton’S Strain1530 Words   |  7 Pages  A Critical Comparison of Marxist Theory and Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance. Introduction: This particular work will consist of a critical theoretical review and a comparative analysis on two criminological theories. For the comparison I have chosen Marx’s theory of crime and Merton’s strain theory of deviance. My critical comparison analysis will emphasise the central concepts and arguments within both theories and how each theory explains crime. The analysis will then explore modern dayRead MoreGeneral Strain Theory And Its Effect On Human Behavior990 Words   |  4 Pagesof his theory. Noxious events avoidance impacts the ability to maintain or come up with relationships, resulting in alternative reactions. An adverse environment perception will result in emotions that are strongly negative that motivate a person to engage in crime. Being involved in crime is sporadic according to Agnew, and the criminals would desist were it not for the persistent negative effect and events. General strain theory is mainly concerned with the strain types and not the strain sourcesRead MoreThe Differential Opportunity Systems Theory1388 Words   |  6 PagesThe differential opportunity systems theory mainly emphasizes on the intervening variables accounting for the specific form that deviance and crime can take. Earlier, Cloward demonstrated the way blocked illegitimate access, and opportunities would be a logical Mertonian strain theory extension. An illegitimate opportunity is regarded as being more than the chance to get away with a deviant or criminal act. It entails expressing and learning the beliefs necessary to support subculture. Such beliefsRead MoreTheories on Crime1253 Words   |  5 PagesTheories on Crime: The field of criminology is basically described as the study of crime through which the causes, prevention, and correction of offenses are examined. While this process can be extremely difficult, especially for students, the analysis of the causes of crime is significant to sociology and criminology. The difficulties associated with the study of crime originate from the numerous challenges in developing theories that explain human behavior. In relation to crime, human behaviorRead MoreTheories of Criminal Behavior Essay examples1239 Words   |  5 Pagesboth the strain and control theories one must factor into their analysis the sub-categories of each theory and how they contribute to the overall spectrum of crime, punishment, and social control. The following evaluation consists of those evaluations that consist of the varying forms of both the strain and control theories of crime; including the strengths and weaknesses of each standpoint, the empirical validity of each, and the o verall ramifications for crime prevention. Strain Theories FrustrationRead MoreThe Revival of the Strain Theory Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagesconstantly looking for explanations for criminal patterns and crime rates among juveniles. They have presented many theories to serve as such explanations with strain theory being one of them; however, like many other theories, strain theory was pushed aside decades ago. It was not until recently that this theory was given new life by criminologist, Robert Agnew. Robert Agnew introduced this new development as the general strain theory. GST was the first supposition that was not tied to social classRead MoreCrime Theories770 Words   |  4 PagesCrime Theories Jaime Morris Professor Al CIS170-Wk.4Ass.2 11/04/12 Digital crimes are believed to be caused by different types of theories. The Strain theory could be the cause of digital crimes because the strain of everyday life. The Strain theory is a sociological theory. The strain of an individual’s everyday life is causing people to â€Å"give in† to the pressures in society. Some of these individuals feel that they can’t survive without crime. Strains such as peer pressureRead MoreThe Sociological Framework Of The Social System1064 Words   |  5 Pagesthat sees crime through a gendered lens as a result of cultural, social structural, and individual and interactive factors. The four theories include strain theory, social control theory, differential association theory and labeling theory. The following information will describe these theories and how they can relate to the framework. Strain theory says that crime is a result of shared cultural desires, but unequal opportunities to achieve those desires. This discusses economic strain in particularRead MoreThe Major Theories Of Criminal Behavior And The Impact Of Crime On Victims And Society1580 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluating the Major Theories of Cause of Criminal Behaviour and the Impact of Crime on Victims and Society London Foundation campus 1. Introduction Akers Sellers (2013) noted that there are various common theories that are pertinent to the study of crime as the extents of crime explanations range from the genetic/biological through to the economic and social perspective. Howitt (2012) divided these theories into four categories: macro-level or societal theories; locality or community

Macbeth Power Relations - 3173 Words

Macbeth Essay Jess Ireson William Shakespeare’s famous play ‘Macbeth’ both reflects and challenges power relations in the context of the seventeenth century. The play centres round the character Macbeth, who is brave, ambitious and has a tendency to self-doubt, and becomes a murderer due to his lust for power. The play focuses on Macbeth’s psyche and his downfall, yet it also portrays a variety of power relations. The relationship between men and women is represented by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s relationship, and the constant change in gender roles. The theme of masculinity is common throughout the play, which is portrayed through contrasting views on gender. Another power relation in ‘Macbeth’ is the relationship between a king and his†¦show more content†¦Macbeth tells the audience why he doesn’t want to kill Duncan, as he is Duncan’s subject and host so he should protect him from danger and â€Å"not bear the knife myself†. Howev er he tells Lady Macbeth a different reason, which is that Duncan has given him â€Å"new honours† and he wants to enjoy the â€Å"golden opinions†. He may be concerned about how Lady Macbeth thinks of him and his masculinity as she displays more masculine traits. Lady Macbeth responds with harsh words, attacking his self-esteem and his manliness. She goads him by questioning his manhood, which is repeated throughout the play, whenever Macbeth shows signs of faltering, Lady Macbeth always implies that he is less than a man. Lady Macbeth calls Macbeth a coward, in which he replies â€Å"I dare do all that may become a man; Who dares do more is none†. She says that when Macbeth made the promise to kill Duncan, he was a man, â€Å"What beast was’t then that made you break this enterprise to me? When you durst do it, then you were a man†. Lady Macbeth again uses strong imagery when she says if she had sworn to act, she would not have backed down, but r ather â€Å"have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out†. Lady Macbeth defies her womanly/motherly traits, which challenges a woman’s role in society in the 17th century, as she would have been expected to be a nurturing mother. The uncertain tone and gentle imagery of Macbeth’s soliloquy, contrasts with the strong rhythmsShow MoreRelatedExmine the Masculine and Feminine Representations in Relation to Power in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth981 Words   |  4 Pageschallenged and manipulated throughout the play, Macbeth. William Shakespeare explores the relationship between gender and power within the play, challenging the male dominant society of the 16th century. The play is set in the 11th century, Scotland where a patriarchal society is portrayed through the characters within the Shakespearean production. Qualities such as courage, honour, braveness and control were reflected at that time as masculinity. Macbeth is portrayed through these characteristics inRead MoreMacbeth Analysis1293 Words   |  6 Pagesdisplayed heavy interest in Shakespeare’s Macbeth (Holland 66). Just like Freud, multiple psychoanalysts explore Macbeth’s mental state. William Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth, develops a character who begins as a soldier and becomes a corrupted leader. Readers of Macbeth begin to notice the psychological deterioration of Macbeth as he gains more power. Rollo May, a writer and existential psychologist, distinguishes the five levels of intrapsychic power levels. May argues that the first level, â€Å"survivalRead MoreMacbeth And The Lottery Ticket Analysis1160 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship can be a close bond with someone or multiple people. In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, and Anton Chekhov’s short story The Lottery Ticket brings up the idea of wealth in relationships. Wealth takes people in these books from middle to higher status, whether this is in reali ty or in a dream. The relation of wealth is shown through the characters Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, and the Dmitritch’s. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth along with the Dmitritch’s share these qualities of wealth in a relationship. BothRead MoreTheme Of Blood In Macbeth1200 Words   |  5 Pagesreveal a bigger picture in Macbeth. Image patterns. Gender Inversion, fertility, sleep, sensory denial, all of these patterns are depicted in the Shakespeare’s unsurpassed Macbeth. However, there is one pattern that marks the mind more than the others. Blood. A pattern seen in multiple instances in the play, but has a deep-seated meaning with Macbeth and his troubles. Shakespeare uses blood as the main image in Macbeth to reveal the forever impending and mucilaginous power of self torturing guilt.Read MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare994 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as greed, intolerance, and even power. People would do anything even neglect the needs of others to a ccomplish their reward. At times, it can change an individual’s whole personality. This can be evident in the play, The Tragedy of Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, who sets out a life of a tragic hero, Macbeth, suffering many consequences because of his ambition. Macbeth is told a prophecy from three witches that he will be crowned king. As a result, Macbeth commit several antagonistic crimes toRead MoreUnchecked Power in Shakespeares Macbeth and King Lear1458 Words   |  6 Pagescore. Numerous theories have been put forth to explain the sequence of tragedies Shakespeare wrote during this period by linking it to some experience of melancholy, anger, despair, and the antagonist s ultimate fall from grace in their lust for power. But such theories overlook the fact that it is in this very same period and in the same tragic works that portray the heights to which human nature can rise and fall in its purest and noblest, if not happiest terms. Surely the creation of so muchRead MoreMacbeth : A Major Influence On The Topic Of Marxism1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe play of Macbeth aspects plays a major influence on the topic of Marxism. Marxism acknowledges the numerous amount of power or authority oneself has. To point out the relation marxism has on the people within the play we all would first start by stating who had the most authority, and how it was use. Having the power to be in one’s hand changes the way one another act towards each other. To fully introduce marxism amongst the people in the story you would say the power is different amongst theRead MoreCause Of Macbeths Downfall955 Words   |  4 PagesThe Causes of Macbeths Downfall Essay (English Yearly) INTRODUCTION {DON’T HAVE TOO MANY FACTS IN INTRODUCTION ANAYLISE MORE USING THE FIRST SECTIONS OF EACH PARAGRAPH} Macbeth is a powerful and emotionally intense play. As an audience, we see how a well-regarded and loyal soldier change to a murderous tyrant. Lady Macbeth continuously pressures Macbeth, when he fears he has gone too far, playing a major role in his downfall. It is his ambition, along with the influence of his wife and the strainRead MoreImportance Of Shakespeare s Macbeth 1519 Words   |  7 Pages Importance of the Witches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Throughout all of history, witches are known for practicing magic and creating prophecies to predict any future. In any scene involving witches, it is important to know their role in the play, whether they change the outcome of the play or simply influenced it, and the supernatural features the play comes along with in its time. In No Fear Shakespeare Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the play starts out withRead MoreHamlet and Macbeth Compared as Aristotelian Tragedies Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s Macbeth and Hamlet essentially mirror this definition. While it is true that both plays do not always follow every detail of Aristotle’s rules, they hold true in so many ways that the relation between the works and theory cannot be ignored. Aristotle asserts that tragedy is â€Å"an imitation of an action that serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude† (House, 82) and continues by insisting, â€Å"the most tragic situations arise between friends or between blood-relations, that is between

Art History free essay sample

This paper will attempt to give a descriptive analysis and comparison of two medieval sculptures viewed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The first sculpture entitled, â€Å"Virgin and Child;† attributed to Claus de Werve, a Netherlandish sculptor by Pierre Quarre a curator and chief of Musees de Djon and a leading authority on Burgundian sculpture. Claus de Werve was commissioned by the Duke and Duchess of the town of Poligny to create this statue for the convent which was headed by a Francisean nun named Colette between 1415-1417.The statue which is made of painted limestone is believed to be a gift that was commissioned for the convent. The second sculpture is entitled, â€Å"Mother and Child; Mali† which was created in Mali by the Bomana peoples. The statue of Virgin and Child is a religious humane figure of the Virgin Mother Mary and Jesus as a young boy which is associated with the Catholic Church and Christianity. Leonardo began to create deep paintings with spatial illusions, which will be more prevalent in the Baroque period. Leonardo da Vinci, the great artist and inventor of the fifteenth century, came into existence on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy and died in the year 1519. When Leonardo was just fifteen years old, his artistic career had begun. He was an apprentice for a famous artist by the name of Verrochio. While working for Verrochio, he did little things in the background of paintings and eventually became an even better painter than Verrochio. From here he became famous in his early twenties. He achieved much in his lifetime, including beautiful paintings, creative and unusual inventions, life-like sculptures, and many scientific advances. He wasn’t only a painter, but also an inventor. Inventing things like flying machines, geometry, mechanics, municipal construction, canals and architecture. Leonardo da Vinci liked to use two main types of techniques in his work sfumato and chiaroscuro. Sfumato is a technique that artists use to make smoky overall haze effect to a painting using a lightly tainted varnish. Leonardo da Vinci liked to use this technique because dusk was his most favorite time of the day and during dusk usually came fog. Chiaroscuro is a technique in art that is ‘characterized by strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition. It is also a technical term used by artists and art historians for using contrasts of light to achieve a sense of volume in modeling three-dimensional objects such as the human body. ’ (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chiaroscuro). The Mona Lisa is also known as La Gioconda; and is perhaps Leonardo da Vincis most famous of paintings. It is an oil painting, painted on poplar wood. Painting the Mona Lisa, Leonardo elevated himself into another station of artist, those that create new forms and perspectives. The relatively small painting of Mona Lisa manages to craft one of the most intense and effective art experience into a compact 30 by 20 ? frame. The painting is most famous for the smile of the woman, which people have been trying to decipher for a long time. Many believe that the portrait is that of da Vinci himself, while many also place a great deal of mystic connections with this painting. The identity of the lady in the painting is not known for certain. The most probable person is the wealthy Florentine Madonna Lisa del Giaconda. However it is also possible that Leonardo did not portrait a specific person. The portrait depicts a womans bust, with a distant landscape that is visible in the backdrop. The woman is shown seated in an open area, and behind her is a vast landscape, which recedes to an icy mountain. Some winding paths and a far away bridge is also perceptible in the background. Leonardo used a pyramid design to install the woman in a simple and calm manner within the painting. The woman is shown with her hands folded, with her breast, neck, and face painted the same color as her hands. The light is diffused so that the various curves and geometrical shapes on the painting are made visible through it. Perhaps the most interesting aspect about the painting is the womans smile. Many believe that it is innocent and inviting; while others believe it is that of smugness and is a smirk. Many scientific studies have been undertaken to determine the exact nature of the smile and the real reason remains a mystery. It is believed that every person sees the smile differently because of the changes in the lighting that Leonardo presented. He modifies the formula however, creating a sense of distance between the sitter and observer, mostly utilizing the arm chair on which she rests. Everything about her posture speaks reservation and silence. However, her eyes silently meet the gaze of the observer, drawing the viewer into her eye line. Everything surrounding her face is dark, bringing that much more focus to the light of her face and the attraction it provides. The overall effect is a kind of natural attraction to her, drawn in by her appearance, but it immediately contrasts with the distance Leonardo creates between subject and observer. We now move to the Modern Era and will be focusing on the artist Willem de Kooning. De Kooning was born in Rotterdam, Holland, in 1904 and died in 1997. It was there he attended crafts school and then a traditional art academy. He was influenced by artists such as Piet Mondrian and Theodore van Doesburg, as well as Picassos Cubism. The explosive nature of de Kooning`s work tells us that it is an art of struggle, that its source is both painful and personal, obviously based on feeling over intellect and very probably stemming from some primal event (as Freud might term it) in his early life, or series of events, so traumatizing that the artist was forced to thrust them into his unconscious, and has spent a lifetime trying to keep a lid on them, only to have the unconscious contents violently erupt countless times in his paintings. Evidence of this conflict in de Koonings paintings seems the unremitting violence of the artists attack upon the women who are his subjects and the paint surface itself. De Koonings women have taken a terrible fall from purity into filth and degradation, becoming very torn and scarred in the process. They are, in the paintings, voluptuous but depraved, alluring but dangerous, disillusioning and disappointing in their fall from the pedestal nd therefore must be symbolically destroyed. Woman I is just that type of a painting, Abstract Expressionism. More than any other, the work of Willem de Kooning probably epitomizes how this movement came to be visualized by most Americans. His 1950-52 Woman 1, with its garish, horrifying face and massive breasts was just barely figurative enough for the public to grasp; yet ugly enough for them to hate. Woman 1 depicts a distorted human form, with goat’s hooves instead of feet. Eyes as big as grenades, teeth grinning violently, huge limbs, mountainous breasts this woman is exaggeratedly, absurdly physical and at the same time not there at all, a spewed monster of fantasy. There is no body here. The woman is a woman in the painters mind – a fabrication of colour and brushwork, with the splattered, pushed, released paint telling us unequivocally that it is a furiously sexual vision. No doubt many in seeing it for the first time visualize just such a scenario. In fact, it was anything but spontaneous. Though he didnt work on it daily, it took two full years to complete; going through constant, one might say almost endless, revisions. Near the end, de Kooning even went so far as to discard it. Then, weeks later, he rescued it from the trash, reworked it some more, and sent it off to be exhibited. In comparing the two artists; Leonardo da Vinci and Willem de Kooning, we can clearly see a vast difference here. In Leonardo’s era, the focus of the subjects was more natural, focusing on definite light sources and having a sense of order and stability. The High Renaissance era was also no longer dependant of Church and Royalty for influence on what to paint; which gave artist like da Vinci the opportunity to explore new techniques applied to his astonishing pieces. Leonardo da Vinci focused on the soft side of the woman, paying respect to the curves and inner as well as outer beauty of the woman. His lines are clean, precise. Willem de Kooning; however, takes the image on the woman and distorts it, almost in a disrespectful way. He enjoyed making paintings that leave the observer wondering what the painting s about, what feeling we have when we look at the painting weather it is anger, joy, love, or hate. He does not value woman as Leonardo seems to and depicts them as strange human ‘objects’ and in an abstract and ‘sloppy’ way. The two artists do however have something in common. Both eras show how each artist was branching out from the previous era and wanted to explore new techniques and new ways of exp ressive views of painting. In the end, Kooning and da Vinci have both had a major impact on Art History and intensified art and will always have an impact on artist to come.

MACBETH Essays (1691 words) - Philosophy, Ethics, Fiction

MACBETH Macbeth is presented as a mature man of definitely established character, successful in certain fields of activity and enjoying an enviable reputation. We must not conclude, there, that all his volitions and actions are predictable; Macbeth's character, like any other man's at a given moment, is what is being made out of potentialities plus environment, and no one, not even Macbeth himself, can know all his inordinate self-love whose actions are discovered to be-and no doubt have been for a long time- determined mainly by an inordinate desire for some temporal or mutable good. Macbeth is actuated in his conduct mainly by an inordinate desire for worldly honors; his delight lies primarily in buying golden opinions from all sorts of people. But we must not, therefore, deny him an entirely human complexity of motives. For example, his fighting in Duncan's service is magnificent and courageous, and his evident joy in it is traceable in art to the natural pleasure which accompanies the explosive expenditure of prodigious physical energy and the euphoria which follows. He also rejoices no doubt in the success which crowns his efforts in battle - and so on. He may even conceived of the proper motive which should energize back of his great deed: The service and the loyalty I owe, In doing it, pays itself. But while he destroys the king's enemies, such motives work but dimly at best and are obscured in his consciousness by more vigorous urges. In the main, as we have said, his nature violently demands rewards: he fights valiantly in order that he may be reported in such terms a "valour's minion" and "Bellona's bridegroom"' he values success because it brings spectacular fame and new titles and royal favor heaped upon him in public. Now so long as these mutable goods are at all commensurate with his inordinate desires - and such is the case, up until he covets the kingship - Macbeth remains an honorable gentleman. He is not a criminal; he has no criminal tendencies. But once permit his self-love to demand a satisfaction which cannot be honorably attained, and he is likely to grasp any dishonorable means to that end which may be safely employed. In other words, Macbeth has much of natural good in him unimpaired; environment has conspired with his nature to make him upright in all his dealings with those about him. But moral goodness in him is undeveloped and indeed still rudimentary, for his voluntary acts are scarcely brought into harmony with ultimate end. As he returns from victorious battle, puffed up with self-love which demands ever-increasing recognition of his greatness, the demonic forces of evil-symbolized by the Weird Sisters-suggest to his inordinate imagination the splendid prospect of attaining now the greatest mutable good he has ever desired. These demons in the guise of witches cannot read his inmost thoughts, but from observation of facial expression and other bodily manifestations they surmise with comparative accuracy what passions drive him and what dark desires await their fostering. Realizing that he wishes the kingdom, they prophesy that he shall be king. They cannot thus compel his will to evil; but they do arouse his passions and stir up a vehement and inordinate apprehension of the imagination, which so perverts the judgment of reason that it leads his will toward choosing means to the desired temporal good. Indeed his imagination and passions are so vivid under this evil impulse from without that "nothing is but what is not"; and his reason is so impeded that he judges, "These solicitings cannot be evil, cannot be good." Still, he is provided with so much natural good that he is able to control the apprehensions of his inordinate imagination and decides to take no step involving crime. His autonomous decision not to commit murder, however, is not in any sense based upon moral grounds. No doubt he normally shrinks from the unnaturalness of regicide; but he so far ignores ultimate ends that, if he could perform the deed and escape its consequences here upon this bank and shoal of time, he'ld jump the life to come. Without denying him still a complexity of motives - as kinsman and subject he may possibly experience some slight shade of unmixed loyalty to the King under his roof-we may even say that the consequences which he fears are not at all inward and spiritual, It is to be doubted whether he has ever so far considered the possible effects of crime and evil upon the human soul-his later discovery of horrible ravages produced by evil in his own spirit constitutes part of the tragedy. Hi is mainly concerned, as