The Glaze Storms of 1998

scrap rink be adopts, also referred to as glaze storms, fount considerable pr water tripe every(prenominal) year to trees in urban and natural subject atomic number 18as. They vary considerably in their hard knocks and frequency. Ice storms ar result of the drinking glass formation process, which is influenced by general weather patterns. Ice accumulates when super cooled rain freezes on gain with turn ups, such as tree branches, that be at or downstairs the freeze point (0C). This generally occurs when a winter warm campaign passes through an nation after the ground-level temperature reaches or falls below freezing. come down falls through layers of cooler air with divulge freezing, becoming super cooled. Periodically, otherwise(a) climatic events, including stationary, occluded, and cold fronts, also result in ice storms.The innovation of this musical story is to gain a better taking into custody of the1998 ice storm. This paper features trinity main sec tion An introduction, the main body ( prostitute to lumber), and finally, a conclusion. In the main body of this paper, the solvent of set down and canker/ illness is discussed in detail. In the conclusion, comparison is made amid fire and pests/disease versus ice storm. By the end of this paper, one should gain a better understanding of the gracelessness of the 1998 ice storm as headspring as other damaging agents that affect the woodland in eastern North the StatesIce storms are often winters shell circumstances. More slippery than snow, freezing rain or glaze is tough and tenacious, clinging to every object it touches. A lighten uptle can be dangerous, a lot can be catastrophic. Ice storm in Northeastern America has been common only if the 1998 ice storm was exceptional.Ice storms are a major(ip) hazard in all parts of Canada except the North, except are specially common from Ontario to in the altogetherfoundland. The severity of ice storms depends largely on the ac cumulation of ice, the period of the event, and the location and extent of the area affected. Based on these criteria, Ice Storm98 was the worst ever to hit Canada in recent memory. From January 5-10, 1998 the total water alike of heedlessness, comprising mostly freezing rain and ice pellets and a bit of snow, exceeded 85 mm in Ottawa, 73 mm in Kingston, 108 in Cornwall and cytosine mm in Montreal (Environmental Canada, Jan 12/1998). Previous major ice storms in the region, notably December 1986 in Ottawa and February 1961 in Montreal, deposited between 30 and 40 mm of ice ab emerge(a) half the thickness from the 1998 storm event (Environmental Canada, Jan 12/1998).The extent of the area affected by the ice was enormous. Freezing precipitation is often described as a draw in of or spotty oc menstruums of. At the peak of the storm, the area of freezing precipitation extended from Muskoka and Kitchener in Ontario through eastern Ontario, western Quebec and the east Townships to the Fundy coasts of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.What made the ice storm so unusual, though, was that it went on for so coarse. On average, Ottawa and Montreal receive freezing precipitation on 12 to 17 days a year. Each episode generally lasts for only a few hours at a time, for an annual average total between 45 to 65 hours. During Ice Storm98, it did not rain continuously, however, the number of hours of freezing rain and drizzle was in excess of 80 again near double the normal annual total. one(a) of the most appealing features of Eastern Ontario is the extensive forest cover. This is made up of woodlands of varying structure. These woodlands, as well(p) as natural fencerows, windbreaks, and plantations of pine and poplar, dominate the landscape. Icing pushs may outdo be understood by treating spatially larger scales, starting with soulfulness trees, proceeding to stands, and finally to forest landscapes.Ice damage to trees can wave from mere breakage of a few twigs, to bending stems to the ground, to moderate bloom dismissal, to outright breakage of the trunk. In the 1998 Northeastern ice storm, icing lasted long enough that umpteen trees which were bent over had their pennons glued to the snow come forward by the ice in many instances for as long as 3 weeks. Some of those trees actually erect posture after wipe out from the snow, while many others remain bent over after 2 years. The severity of damage is generally believed to be closely related to the severity of winds following the heaviest ice accumulations. wrong varies across a range of severity and subtlety minor branch breakage major branch loss bending over of crowns root damages breakage of trunks and in some hardwoods, trunks can be split.Depending on the stand composition, the measuring stick of ice accumulation, and the stand history, damage to stands can range from light and patchy to the total breakage of all mature stems. Complete flattening of stands occurred locally in the Northeaster 1998 storm. In response to much moderate damage, printings on stands could include shifts in over story composition in kick upstairs of the most resistant trees loss of stand growth until leaf area is restored and loss of value of the growth due to staining or damage to stem form.The term landscape refers to a group or a family of trees. I use the term vaguely because the size and composition of landscapes differ from region to region. The degree of damage is typically highly skewed by area. For example, in the January 1998 Northeaster storm, 1,800,000 ha of damage in Quebec was assessed by the Ministry of instinctive Resource very severe 4.2%, severe 32.0%, moderate 29.9%, and slight/ pursue 33.9% (The Science of the Total Environment, Volume 262, Issue 3, November 15, 2000, pp. 231-242 ). The effects on wide-cut forest landscapes are highly patchy and variable. They also depend importantly on how landowners respond to the damage.Disturbance caused by disease s, by themselves or in conjunction with commotion by insects, abiotic factors such as drought, fire and wind, and, increasingly, compassionate activities, has played a critical role in the dynamics of many forest ecosystems in North America.In the predominantly coniferous forests in western North America there are considerable areas dispassionate instantaneously by benevolent activities. In these areas, diseases kill trees or dispose them to other agents of disturbance, resulting in gradual change in stand composition and structure. In areas disturbed by forest centering practices of harvesting or exclusion of fire, increased disease incidence and severity has increased the damage caused by disease, and consequently, the rate of change.In the absence of introduced diseases in the predominantly broad-leaved forests of the Appalachian region of eastern North America, forests are relatively healthy. Here, forests are disturbed significantly by disease only after they are distur bed or stressed by other agents, predominantly defoliating insects and drought. In the eastern montane coniferous forest, chronic wind damage is a major predisposing factor to disease. Past harvesting practices, introduced diseases and insects, and fire exclusion have in some instances resulted in large areas of kindred species and relatively similar ages that exacerbate the magnitude and severity of disturbance by disease. burn down is predominantly a natural phenomenon that burns the forest vegetation, polluting the ozone and wiping out the biodiversity. One major distinction between ice storm and forest fire is the right smart disaster are caused. The majority of forest fire could arguably be a result of human action and ice storm as an act of god, an act that is out of human control.Foresters usually distinguish three types of forest fires ground fires, which burn the humus layer of the forest base of operations but do not burn appreciably above the surface surface fires, whi ch burn forest undergrowth and surface litter and crown fires, which advance through the tops of trees or shrubs. It is not uncommon for two or three types of fires to occur simultaneously. Forest management has been able to muffle the occurrence of this event but many forest fires are out of arms length. Humans cause the majority of forest fires. Campers that do not put out their bond fire or campers littering lit cigarette bud are responsible for such an action. Natural occurrence such as lightning could spark a forest fire but the probability is small compared to human action. The convention way of putting out or reducing the crack of forest fire has been airliners. These airliners are alter with gallons and galloons of water. With limited capacity, these airliners fly above the flame and deposit galloons of water.For the purpose of this paper, disforestation simply means the lost of trees where the lost of trees exceeds the level of sustainable development. One of the major effects of forest fire is the burning of carbon dioxide into our atmosphere. This at long last creates a greenhouse affect and global warming. The effect damages our ecosystem as well as mortifys one of Canadas precious natural resource. more than projects, both from government funding and corporate sponsors, have done a good job increasing the awareness and risk related to deforestation.Pests directly affect the quantity and quality of forest nursery seedlings and can indirectly cause losses by disrupting reforestation plans or reducing pick of out planted stock. The movement of infested stock can disseminate pests to rising areas. Since control of nursery pests may be based on pesticide usage, pest outbreaks may lead to environmental contamination.Woodland damage caused by inventory is a well-documented, yet persistent, forest health problem. Soil compaction, root disturbance and trunk/root collar damage caused by livestock reduce the vigor of trees. This paves the way for armillaria root rot, borers and other opportunistic organisms. fund also destroy the forest under story (reproduction), which hastens change corrosion and limits the future productivity of the site. The resulting forest decline reduces the quality, value and longevity of current and future trees on the site. Eliminating livestock from woodlands is the first step toward a healthier, more productive forest.As mentioned earlier in this paper, ice storm is a natural phenomenon caused by nature whereas forest fire are a result of human actions and preventable. One of the major differences between fire and ice storm is the rate of damage. Forest fire has a direct jounce on the woodlands by changing the diversity of the landscape. Forest fire wipes out an entire landscape of trees causing a release of carbon dioxide. This in lieu effect results in global warming as well as greenhouse effect. The release of carbon dioxide has a long-term effect to our ecosystem. Carbon dioxide is trapp ed in our ozone layer making airways less preamble. This detain effect at last radiates heat causing global warming. The long-term effect is hazardous and changes our biodiversity. Ice storm has very little affect to our ozone layer. Damage to woodlands as a result of ice storm is concentrated in spite of appearance that area. Ice storm does not spread like fire does so areas that have been hit by an ice storm affect woodlandsPests and disease slowly eroded the quantity as well as quality of woodland. Infected woodland slows the development of growth by eroding the soil limiting the production of trees. Pest control and good forest management could improve the quality and well as productivity in these areas. Pests and diseases cause a slow change in biodiversity. As the woodland sprain infested, animals feeding from leafs and branch find it less desirable, eventually leaving the area in search of more suitable woodland. Similarly, forest fire, pests and disease spread but at a m uch slower rate. These agents pollute the trees, eventually penetrating the roots and moving on to the next host. As mentioned previous, ice storm does not spread, rather the effect stays within the area.To conclude, fire and pests/disease are similar in the way these agents spread and infect their host. The preceding sentence can be best thought of as a virus infected its host as an analogy. Fire spreads at a much faster rate than pests/disease and the impact are instant. Both of these agents have long-term effect, which does not work in our favor. Ice storm affects the area it hits and will not spread. Furthermore, ice storms are predictable whereas fire is not since the cause of fire is human slew and is hard to predict. Ice storms are not preventable but human actions can be prevented. The potential of damage from fire is far more severe than that of ice storm. We must increase the awareness to ensure that our woodland remains healthy and protect our ecosystem.

What accelerates and counteracts global warming?

Global thaw is the worst challenge facing the orbit in the 21st century. Since the second half of the 20th century, there has been explosive summation in orbicular temperature leading to globular warming effect. change magnitude human activities and natural activities get contributed to increase international warming.Global warming has had dissimilar negative effects in the world including melting of polar icing and rise in sea levels, changes in weather pattern with draw out drought and torrents of rain, disappearance of species, and many others. One of the main factors that have contributed to globose warming is release of super acid house gases to the atmospheric state. Release of gases like blow dioxide, coke monoxide, nitrite oxide, and others has contributed to green house effect leading to world-wide warming.Although green house gases has been cited as the main source of global warming, there argon other minor sources which over the time has led to substanti al increase in global temperature. However, there are alternative factors counteracting global warming effects which include aerosols and porn, solar variation, and many others.Alternative causes of global warmingThe most usual indicator used to indicate global warming is the change in average global temperature at the near earths surface. between 1860 and 1900 it is recorded that the earth surface temperature increase by 0.75oC which is approximately 1.35oF.Since 1979, the global temperature at the lower trosphere has recorded an increase of more(prenominal) than 0.22oC. Before 1850, it is believed that temperature was comparatively stable for more than two thousands years and therefore it is the increase in human activities especially industrialization that has led to increase in global temperature. According to recent records, 2005 was recorded as the warmest year ever since the scientific world started keeping reliable records.The main factor contributing to increased global temperature has been release of green house gases to the atmosphere (Pierce and Adams, 2009). It is believed that gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrite oxide, nitrogen dioxide and others leads to green house effects which increases global temperature.While green house gases contribute to global warming effects, it is believed that there are factors which had previously been thought to cause global warming but counteract global warming effects.Although their contribution may be minimal and difficult to notice, these factors raise led to substantial temperature reduction of the earth over a extensive period of time. Let us look at some of these factors including aerosols and soot which counteract global warming and solar variation which may accelerates global warmingAerosols and soot Aerosols and soot contribute to global cooling done global dimming. This is an effect in which there is gradual reduction in the reach of direct irradiance to the earth that greatly cou nteracts global warming effect.This phenomenon, which has been studied since 1960 take the stand that global dimming, stinkpot contribute to cooling of the earth over a long period of time. Global dimming is mainly caused by aerosols which are produced through volcanic activities and other emissions like sulfur dioxide (Pierce and Adams, 2009).Aerosols produce a cooling effect through increase of reflection of some of the incoming sunlight. through with(predicate) scattering and absorbing of the solar radiation, aerosols have also been shown to have confirmative effects on the net radiation budget.For example sulfate aerosols have been found to form cloud condensation nuclei which lead to clouds having smaller could droplets. The make clouds have been shown to reflect solar radiation when compared to clouds with fewer and large droplets.Soot can lead to cool or warm effect on the cosmos depending on its state whether airborne or deposition. Soot aerosols in the atmosphere abso rb solar radiation thereby cooling the earth since solar radiation heats the atmosphere.However, soot deposited at the glaciers has been shown to heat the earth surfaces. Aerosols have more pronounced effects in the tropical and sub-tropical regions especially in Asia.

Israeli-Hezbollah Conflicts: The Insensibilities of War Essay

The world has witnessed again the hostilities of war this course of instruction. The terrorist group al-Jihad initiated the spate of violence in the midriff East by send raiders into Israel from Lebanon. This attack killed eight Israeli soldiers and two new(prenominal)s kidnapped, patch they launched missiles into northern Israel. non taking this action sitting down, Israel retaliated by bombing capital of Lebanons airports, roads and al-Jihad hangouts, killing acquitted noncombatants in the process.It was in June this year that the al-Jihad gained 80 percent of the votes in the Lebanese parliamentary elections in gray Lebanon. This will mean that the group will cover 35 seats in the 128-member national assembly. Despite their popularity in Lebanon, al-Jihad had been involved in the 1982 Israeli invasion and the subsequent U. S. military intervention, engaging in a series of kidnappings and assassinations of Americans as well as the deadly hand truck bombings of the U. S. e mbassy and a Marine barracks (Zunes 21).As an organization, Hezbollah essentially means troupe of God. Their history emanated to answer the Islamic Revolutionary Guards fight spry opponents who demonstrated in the streets. The name was used as early as 1973 by Ayatollah Mahmood Ghaffary in Iran. It was resurrected in 1978 in one of the revolutions slogans Our Party Is the Party of Allah and Our Leader Is Ruh Allah. The so-called troupe consisted of a railyard young thugs who infested Tehrans poor neighborhoods.For a modest monthly allowance, they waged street battles against members of more sophisticated political groups. In contrast to its beginning, the party today boasts a membership of more than one million adherents in Iran alone. Its offshoots in Muslim countries, Europe, and America act as operatives and as a vanguard for the Islamic Republic of Iran. In Lebanon, the party as well has a powerful military wing that has bombed Israel and given assistance to militant group s manage Hamas in the Gaza Strip (Hoveyda 94).Acclaimed for their notoriety, Zune indicated that For more than a decade, however, the Hezbollah militia had certified its armed activities to fighting Israeli occupation forces, initially in grey Lebanon and then following Israels withdrawal in 2000in a disputed border region with Syria still under Israeli control. Attacks against external occupation forces have traditionally been recognized as legitimate acts of self-protection and not as acts of terrorism, a term usually restricted to cut into attacks against civilian targets (21).Hezbollahs leader Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah declared war on Israel because had no option. They could disarm and participate more fully in Lebanons political sympathies, but that would have meant giving up the resistance, the ideology so primal to Hezbollah that it functions as a national founding myth. Their resistance is, source and foremost, an ongoing guerrilla war against Israel, which occupie d southern Lebanon until its withdrawal in 2000. Hezbollah had weapons to defend their landrockets, Iranian-made missiles, and drones.It is the source of fierce pride for Hezbollah, the tho Arab force to succeed in ousting Israel from its land. But, before anything else, the resistance was a political movement, born decades ago, of empowerment for Lebanons eternally despised Shia. In Hezbollahs collective mind, the Shia have finally emerged on outcome in after being put down for so long, and now they involve to prove that they can do what no other Arab country has do defeat Israel. You do not know today who you are fighting, declared Nasrallah on July 14.You are fighting a people who possess specialness of faith that no one else has on the face of this Earth (Ciedlo 14). repayable to their own misgiving, Israel is now dealing with c burn ups on two fronts. First, it was carrying out an subroutine in the Gaza Strip to rescue Corporal Galid Shalit, who had been contractd by P alestinian militants. This triggered an ongoing passage of arms amongst Israeli forces and Palestinian militants taking place in Gaza. After that, a second operation into Lebanon was launched to rescue Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev the two soldiers captured by Lebanon-based Hezbollah.Nevertheless, despite the overwhelming task of fighting on two fronts, efflorescence look Olmert ruled out any negotiations with Hezbollah, just as it had foreclosed the discussions with Hamas. Additionally, his government filed a complaint with the get together Nations, barter on the credentials Council to carry out an existing resolution that required the Lebanese government to disarm militias (Coleman, 29 July 2006). In fairness to the Lebanese government, it denied that they had no previous knowledge of Hezbollahs activities and would not take responsibility for the abduction of the two Israeli soldiers.To this end, Lebanese Prime Minister Fuad Siniora give tongue to, The government was not witting of and does not take responsibility for, nor endorses what happened on the international border (Al Jazeera, 7 July 2006). Experts on the state in Lebanon also pointed to the fact that despite the existence of fall in Nations Security Council Resolution 1559, the country simply was not in the position politically or militarily to disarm Hezbollah on its own. With the ongoing scuffles, Lebanese government represented by Social Affairs Minister, Naila Mouawad, called for the two Israeli soldiers to be returned home.She also reiterated Lebanons previously-noted position that her government was neither aware of Hezbollahs plan, nor supported it. With that statement, Mouawad criticized Israels response for being as well as heavy-handed, particularly with regard to the lives of Lebanese civilians. She warned that Lebanon was experiencing a catastrophe and explained that her government could not disarm Hezbollah by force (Coleman, 29 July 2006). Naturally, the reaction a pproximately the eyeball was intense woes that these conflicts dexterity sprout in something bigger, numerous countries already had requested for restraint from all parties involved.United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan condemned both(prenominal) the abduction of the Israeli soldiers as well as the endpointing offensive by Israeli forces into Lebanon. Russian, France and the European Union expressed the sketch that Israels response to the capture of two soldiers was disproportionate. But Israeli spokesman, Mark Regev, said that Israel was simply responding to an promiscuous act of aggression. Margaret Beckett, the Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom, voiced out that Israel should catch its own security, it should do so in a way that canceled civilian deaths.The Vatican after added its condemnation of the situation calling for the release of the soldiers by Hezbollah and decrying Israels strikes against the sovereignty of Lebanon. On the U. S. governments part, Pr esident George W. scrubbing characterized Hezbollah as terrorists and supported Israels right to defend itself. However, he also warned that whatever action Israel took, it should be mindful of the stability of the Lebanese government. With all these bombings here and there, the head of the emergency relief agency for the United Nations, Jan Egeland, characterized the damage caused by Israeli strikes on Beirut as horrific. He lambasted the demolition job caused by Israels retaliatory action against Hezbollah, calling it excessive. He also condemned Hezbollah for cloaking itself among the civilian population, which is causing the rise in civilian casualties. With damages continuing to heighten, Egeland called on both sides to withdraw from their attacks and noted that humanitarian aid would begin arriving shortly in Lebanon. In that latter regard, he appealed for safe access of all civilian evacuees caught between the warring parties.He also said that the United Nations would be f oundation an appeal for humanitarian aid amounting to $150 million dollars (USD). Egeland arrived in Beirut on the heels of an Israeli strike against the Hezbollah-dominated portion of Lebanons capital city. In Beirut, there were four injuries when one strike hit a mosque. tour Hezbollah said the facility was used only for prayer, Israel contended that it was one of some(prenominal) legitimate targets used not only for conventional purposes, but also by Hezbollah for its activities (Coleman, 29 July 2006). Israels aerial bombing of southern and eastern Lebanon continued.The Israeli strikes had already caused Lebanese engineers, who had been attempting to repair impassable roads, to withdraw for rubber eraser reasons. The southern town of Sidon several people seeking safety were hit by Israeli strikes. Not spared, the historic city of tyre was the site of action from both sides. It was one of several places from which some Hezbollah militants were firing missiles and, as such, I srael made it a target of retaliatory strikes. on that point were eight deaths reported across Lebanon. They included a young boy, a photographer, three people fleeing in a minibus, as well as three Hezbollah fighters.On the other side of the border, two Israelis died in Haifa and over twenty people were injured as a result of geminateed Hezbollah rocket attacks. United States Secretary of State Condoleezza sift arrived in July 24, 2006 for talks regarding the crisis in between Lebanon and Israel. Before arriving in the Middle East, Rice mentioned to reporters that the United States still had an embassy in Syria. Her statement was interpreted by some as a reminder that the United States and Syria still share diplomatic relations that could be leveraged, if necessary. Her first stop was Lebanon where she met with Prime Minister Fuad Siniora.In that meeting, she expressed concern for the Lebanese people, while also reservation clear that Hezbollahs attacks on Israel from within L ebanese stain could not be permitted to continue. In the backdrop of these developments, the White House proclaimed that it had authorized humanitarian aid to be sent to Lebanon. Secretary Rice, and later President Bush, both conveyed the view that the only possible solution to the conflict was a sustainable ceasefire and enduring peace. The United States stance has been that a ceasefire might result in only Israeli compliance, thus subjecting Israel to future attacks.Clearly, this view has not been shared by many world leaders and inappropriate policy chiefs who have called for an immediate ceasefire, arguing that continued hostilities were untenable, regardless of best long-term objectives. Many Middle Eastern experts have further said that no long-term objectives can be achieved, at all, without addressing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (Coleman, 29 July 2006). In an article in the New Republic, Lawrence Kaplan declared that Bush has fatigued many more hours encouraging Is rael than constraining it. This could be analyzed as the US government seems has no more use for Hezbollah than Israel does.And, while the organization may not pose the existential threat to the United States that it does to Israel, the administration views it as a crucial proxy for Iran. Critics delight in faulting the Bush administration for viewing the international scene through a state-centric lens. But, when it comes to Hezbollahwhich boasts verifiable return addresses in Tehran and Damascuswhat other lens is there? In my opinion, the Israeli government is doing more defile than good. Rescuing two soldiers, while endangering hundreds of lives is really irrational.They should have sought the U. N.s help rather than waging a war that intruded the normal living conditions of innocent Lebanese civilians. War should be the last option rather than an initial response. Now, Israel is manifestly torment the brunt of all of its actions because of the retaliatory attempts that the H ezbollah troops are waging in Israels areas. The U. N. , on the other hand, as well as countries like the U. S. , should have taken proactive measures to put a stop in these conflicts. As stated above, long-term solutions should be delineated from their mediation to avoid the further destruction of both countries.As we all know, there is no long term solution that could be resolved through bombs and guns. We cannot, of course, repeat history by neglecting these conflicts that are costing the lives of many people. Countries cannot repeat the errors in history, where wars had lost not only lives, but properties and the freedom of people. War could not fully reconstruct peoples experiences. We certainly cannot feel other peoples sufferings, although we can empathize with them because we have general knowledge, and many unfortunately have some experience of suffering.The suffering of the victims, especially the innocent ones, is enough reason why Israel and Hezbollah should hold a cease fire and negotiate about their scuffles. If they cannot understand the destruction they are causing, people around the globe should knock some sense out of these leaders who cannot feel the suffering of the victims.Works Cited Al Jazeera Website. Hezbollah Captures Israeli Soldiers, (July 12, 2006). Acquired 30 July 2006 at http//www. aljazeera. com/me. asp? service_ID=11629 Ciedlo, Anna. Entombed (cover story). New Republic, 235.5 (July 31, 2006) 13-15. Coleman, Denise Youngblood. Israel and Lebanon-based Hezbollah Mired in Violent Conflict, CountryWatch Forecast, (July 29, 2006). Acquired 30 July 2006 at http//forecast. countrywatch. com/fc_moreon. aspx Hoveyda, Fereydoun. The Broken Crescent The Threat of Militant Islamic Fundamentalism. Westport, CT Praeger, 1998. Kaplan, Lawrence F. Other Means, New Republic, 235. 5 (July 31, 2006) 12-13, Zunes, Stephen. U. S. Rhetoric about Hezbollah Blurs Reality. interior(a) Catholic Reporter, 41. 33 (July 1, 2005) 21-21.

Problems with the Central Business District

A line in the worlds well-nigh CBDs is that the rule book of traffic caused air pollution and was a danger to health and resort of stoolpers and separate prosaics. Fortunately this problem does non apply to capital of Austria any much. In the past it used to be a problem in capital of Austria too yet the organisation acted fast and used certain precautions to block up this problem. What they did was that they position few different types of public transport a standardised buses, trams and trains. These advance mess to non bring their cars out to the set-back district and so pollution was decrease.The government excessively came up with another solution and that was to attach the prices of parking in the first district. This discouraged people to use their cars in the CBD because they would confine to pay a lot of money for parking. All these ideas helped and at once at that place is almost no pollution in the CBD of Vienna. In most CBDs increasingly taller expressions were built to try and offset the tall-pitched rates and rents that resulted from the high land values. This is a heavy(a) problem in a urban center like Chicago or New York, where all the buildings argon really high and have legion(predicate) small a ingredientments.This is not a big problem in Vienna though because the government does not provide people to build houses which argon taller than the roof of stephansdom, and so there be no tall buildings in Viennas CBD. Although there arent some very(prenominal) tall buildings, the land prices are very high and that results in not many another(prenominal) people living in the first district. A major(ip) problem in most CBDs is that larger shops locomote out and re-located on less congested sites in either experient inner metropolis area or on the rural urban bash.This problem leads to not having many large shops in the urban center and besides many shops will be forced to move. This is also a problem in V iennas CBD since many large shops and department stores like furniture and carpet shops were forced to move out of the CBD and go to other locations remote the city to the old inner city part and many shops like electrical shops were forced to move to rural urban fringe parts of the city. Another problem which is similar is that smaller shops like butchers and groceries were also forced to close down because of the city becoming increasingly expensive.This do many people stir jobs or go bankrupt. This is shut up a problem in the first district of Vienna as to a greater extent than and more small shops close down and large shops move out and the government cant do anything to stop this. Another major problem in some CBDs is that the city centers were not think modernly and cautiously and so they do not consider peoples economical, social and environmental lack. This is not at all a problem in the CBD of Vienna since there are many put, shops, offices and other entertainmen t facilities like restaurants, bars, cinemas and clubs.This could be a big problem in the CBD of LEDCs since the cities were not so carefully planned like the CBD of Tehran which has this major problem. In Vienna the CBD has many parks like the burggarten and other small parks to help the peoples environmental needs. There are also many different shops and offices in the first district which are the economic parts of the CBD and of cores there are many social facilities like cinemas, bars and clubs where people can meet. The CBD of Vienna can fulfill all economical, social and partly environmental needs of any citizen.In many city centers, there is a large need for transport. There should be typical changes occurring like reducing traffic over-crowding and pollution. This can be done in various ways. One is to hold up better public transport like buses and trains to the CBD and another way to do it is to place pedestrian partition offs in the CBD in the most crowded part of the c ity. This will draw the visitor a much enjoyable environment and will encourage more people to come to the CBD. Pedestrian zones are also a solution for segregating shoppers and traffic. Pedestrian zones solve two problems by just doing making one change.Its like the old saying hitting two birds with one stone. If these pedestrian zones are placed well and have some nice decorations to it, then it makes the CBD a more pleasant and safer place too, but placing a couple police move around would also do well. These will all attract more people and the economy will have a good boost. better technology has encouraged home shopping and reduced the need for offices to be centrally located. This would decrease traffic a lot and would bring the prices in the CBDs down since there will be more buildings for homes.It would also make a lot easier for some people like old people who do not have the power to come out and do their shopping. It would also bring the shop prices down because the demand of shops will decrease. This change is good for people but not so good for shop owners and land developers. Doing so will also open up a lot of areas in which leisure amenities. These leisure amenities could be restraints colonnade centers and for night amenities, they could become bars, clubs and cinemas. This will make the CBD more interesting and will make it busy by dint of the night as well as through the day.These changes will make the city more fun and laughable for the younger generation and would make life easier for the older. In many countries, the city centers have had to undergo several changes in an attempt to reduce the leaving of shops, hotels, and offices to out of town locations. The first and most important change which occurred was the base of pedestrian zones. Pedestrian zones are mostly either traffic redundant or they allow limited access to delivery vehicles and public transport. A case of these pedestrian zones in Vienna is the Karntner Stra?e a nd the Graben.Both of these places are pedestrian zones but in Karntner Stra?e only delivery trucks are allowed and thats only in the morning before 10oclock but in graben some public transport buses are allowed to trespass. In the past cars have been allowed to go through both these places but now to reduce traffic pollution and accidents and to increase safety , the government has transformed these streets to pedestrian zones. Another ripening in worlds most CBDs which was a new invention, was the invention of shopping malls. nowadays in most CBDs there are many shopping malls but in Viennas CBD there are not many shopping malls.In Vienna most shops are by the streets and are not in one building, although there are a few exceptions where more than one shop is in one building like the steffel building which has many different brands on sale. Viennas CBD is unlike most CBD and has small shops rather than large shopping malls. This style of shops is what makes the CBD of Vienna ver y uncommon and unlike any other city. In the past age the demand for a relaxing atmosphere in the CBDs has increased and governments have tried to provide sitting areas, planting flowerbeds and shrubs and adding small areas of grass.Other methods are providing cafes with outside tables and employing more staff to make sure the place is clean and undamaged. The city of Vienna has almost done all of these things. They have certainly provided many cafes, bars and restraints with outside tables like in the Karntner Stra?e and they have deep-rooted many trees and flowers in the streets like around the Ring strasse. They have also tried to make some areas of green and flowers. The CBD of Vienna has been through many changes in the past and is still changing.There have been many good changes and a few bad changes. The making of a long pedestrian zone where most the CBDs famous shops are, was a very good change and reduced a lot of traffic and pollution and make the CBD very pleasant and relaxing. Making a good public transport go through the city also decreased a lot of traffic and made it easier for people to go around the CBD and do their job. There are still many problems too in the CBD ad those will have to change soon, like the modernization of the buildings in the first district and the widening of some main streets.The CBD of Vienna is very interesting and has many amenities like cafes and parks for during the day and cinemas, restraints, bars and clubs for the nights. The CBD of Vienna has become very unique and is good for every age. It includes many large sidewalks and many pedestrian zones. The government of Vienna has made the CBD of Vienna very easy to get around and has also made it very relaxing and thats why in my opinion it has become one of the worlds best aboriginal Business Districts.

Main Types of New Year’s Resolutions

New years Resolutions away from the endless cups of tea with Christmas sweets, the great fun and the inmense blissfulness that we experience by the end of the year and the beginning of a cutting one, the New Year is also the traditional time to produce resolutions, which ar plans to improve oneself. Resolutions argon basically promises to oneself, and like promises, you either keep them or break them. That is to say, you are either successful in keeping your plans, or you are not and you go back to your old habits.The vast majority of people regard that they need a new lifestyle, a change, or a recommitment as an individual. The aim of most resolutions is to turn over a new leaf. That is, to make yourself better by changing your routines and habits. It is like making a fresh, new start in your life. Generally there are two principal(prenominal) types of resolutions give up or take up. A lot of people say that their New Years Resolutions are to give up a bad habit or to take u p a new hobby.Personally, I think that what I would just like to do is carry on working hard carry on world happy and healthy. I plan to keep on studying, keep on exercising ( I wish I could do it quite very much in 2012), keep on eating well and keep on sleeping well, keep on getting on well with my family and friends. And thats about it, there is nothing else. Nothing in addition big, nothing too heavy, because experience tells me that if you try to ask yourself to do too much stuff, it go away eventually not happen.

Native American Literature

Indians, we film them as half naked mint do raucous passim the land, messing with the settlers, and beingness completely uncivilized and uneducated. There Is no personal manner that these people could puzzle created st unitys to be passed chain reactor throughout the generations solely they did and they still ar around to this actually day. These oral traditions, or stories that be t grizzly by discourse of mouth, include The World on the Turtles Back, which explains to us how our realism came to be.The taradiddle Coyote and cow gives us lessons that easily match with the building of a persons hearted, and fin anyy, put off and Coyote and the Whale persuades us to stir for who and what we sleep with. These t each(prenominal) tales atomic number 50 be Influential to our lives as Ameri bottom of the innings because the stories tell of lessons that could be essential to entirely of the human race when it comes to developing ones self to fuck off a crack soul. Th e flooring called World on Turtles Back gives us an idea on how the Indians believed the world began.Before there was an Earth there was a skyward. There, a heavy(predicate) skirt went to dig up the roots from a sacred steer and was then either pushed Into or accidental travel through a hole that exposed an entire new world underneath. ( rascal 42, split up 1) As she fell and grasped to the edges of skyward, remnants of injury and roots were attached to her hands. Luckily, as she fell a group of birds caught her on their wingspan and finally laded her down upon a sea turtles shell.Then, a heroic muskrat brought up soil from deep at bottom the ocean underneath so the fallen lady could set to utilisation cr take in land. ( Page 42, Paragraph 9) Soon the pregnant muliebrity gave birth to her child, a daughter, and to raise upher the two travel around the turtles second until land was formed. As her child aged she became magically pregnant by the West Wind. Page 42) She then gives birth to twins who constantly quarrel, for they atomic number 18 opposites, good and barbarous. unitedly they balance the world, inventing opposing animals such as the quiet deer and angry mountain lion. Page 40, Paragraph 2) As the story progresses, it tells of reasons for most vernacular assurances in nature, such as the moon being the twin, as in todays ideas of evil It Is associated with the darkness that comes from the night. The second story Is authorize Coyote and Buffalo. This story expresses to the dalliance various character traits that should be Instilled deep down a person or avoided. One of these values is to delight in others. When coyote kicks the skull of the baseless bull, and the bull comes back alive to cleanup him, it expresses how measurable it is to treat others the way you would want to be treated. Page 25, dissever 1) other lesson it emphasizes Is to listen to what youre told to do, as it is for a reason. When the bull gives coyote the co w, he tells him non to eat It, unless coyote does not listen and defies him. (page 28-29) Coyote at this point Is very dishonest and greedy. He thinks that he can get away with eating the cow and perhaps getting another one from the bull, hush hint up to another vivification lesson, karma. When coyote kills the cow, an old woman tells him that he should not be cooking the cow for that is womans work.At this point, coyote is being incredibly vain and this woman is being very furtive and steals all of his food. (Page 28, paragraph 2) This proves that what comes around goes around and that you should let yourself become slobbered, which all people have The last story is called The corn dab, Coyote, and Whale and it teaches a lesson on fighting for those you love. Foxs wife, leaves him to be the evil whale that occupies the river. Page 44, Paragraph 1) Fox is so overwhelmed by his love for her that he stops at no cost and risks his life to retrieve her from the whales possession. While trying to take his wife back, the evil whale attempts to kill Fox, Coyote, and Foxs wife, hardly Fox loves these people and protects them over himself and hides them within his pipe, saving them all. (Page 45, Paragraph 1) As Foxs wife gets away from Whale, she feels as if she had been excite from a spell, for in one case she is returned to fox she becomes happy again. (Page 45, Paragraph 4) So in other words, love can cast a spell n you causing you to book rash decisions while under its magical powers.Of course, Fox finally forgives his wife, but this proves that you should not cheat on your significant other. So in conclusion, infixed American literature is very important to our society. The themes of all of the stories are easily related to everyday life. From the positive moments to the very lows, lessons can be well-read from these tales. To the people of Indian cultures these stories are still very relevant to their lives. It is the only surviving history that they have of the prior lives of their relatives, so they must come up it preserved for generations to come.Native American LiteratureIndians, we picture them as half naked people causing raucous throughout the land, messing with the settlers, and being completely uncivilized and uneducated. There Is no way that these people could have created stones to be passed down throughout the generations but they did and they still are around to this very day. These oral traditions, or stories that are told by word of mouth, include The World on the Turtles Back, which explains to us how our world came to be.The story Coyote and Buffalo gives us lessons that easily correlate with the building of a persons hearted, and finally, Fox and Coyote and the Whale persuades us to fight for who and what we love. These tall tales can be Influential to our lives as Americans because the stories tell of lessons that could be essential to all of the human race when it comes to developing ones self to become a better soul. The story called World on Turtles Back gives us an idea on how the Indians believed the world began.Before there was an Earth there was a skyward. There, a pregnant lady went to dig up the roots from a sacred tree and was then either pushed Into or accidental fallen through a hole that exposed an entire new world underneath. (Page 42, Paragraph 1) As she fell and grasped to the edges of skyward, remnants of soil and roots were attached to her hands. Luckily, as she fell a group of birds caught her on their wingspan and finally laded her down upon a sea turtles shell.Then, a heroic muskrat brought up soil from deep within the ocean underneath so the fallen lady could set to work creating land. ( Page 42, Paragraph 9) Soon the pregnant woman gave birth to her child, a daughter, and together the two travel around the turtles back until land was formed. As her child aged she became magically pregnant by the West Wind. Page 42) She then gives birth to twins who constantly qu arrel, for they are opposites, good and evil. Together they balance the world, inventing opposing animals such as the peaceful deer and violent mountain lion. Page 40, Paragraph 2) As the story progresses, it tells of reasons for most common assurances in nature, such as the moon being the twin, as in todays ideas of evil It Is associated with the darkness that comes from the night. The second story Is entitled Coyote and Buffalo. This story expresses to the dalliance various character traits that should be Instilled within a person or avoided. One of these values is to respect others. When coyote kicks the skull of the dead bull, and the bull comes back alive to kill him, it expresses how important it is to treat others the way you would want to be treated. Page 25, paragraph 1) Another lesson it emphasizes Is to listen to what youre told to do, as it is for a reason. When the bull gives coyote the cow, he tells him not to eat It, but coyote does not listen and defies him. (page 28 -29) Coyote at this point Is very dishonest and greedy. He thinks that he can get away with eating the cow and perhaps getting another one from the bull, hush leading up to another life lesson, karma. When coyote kills the cow, an old woman tells him that he should not be cooking the cow for that is womans work.At this point, coyote is being incredibly vain and this woman is being very sneaky and steals all of his food. (Page 28, paragraph 2) This proves that what comes around goes around and that you should let yourself become slobbered, which all people have The last story is called The Fox, Coyote, and Whale and it teaches a lesson on fighting for those you love. Foxs wife, leaves him to be the evil whale that occupies the river. Page 44, Paragraph 1) Fox is so overwhelmed by his love for her that he stops at no cost and risks his life to retrieve her from the whales possession.While trying to take his wife back, the evil whale attempts to kill Fox, Coyote, and Foxs wife, but Fox loves these people and protects them over himself and hides them within his pipe, saving them all. (Page 45, Paragraph 1) As Foxs wife gets away from Whale, she feels as if she had been awaken from a spell, for once she is returned to fox she becomes happy again. (Page 45, Paragraph 4) So in other words, love can cast a spell n you causing you to make rash decisions while under its magical powers.Of course, Fox finally forgives his wife, but this proves that you should not cheat on your significant other. So in conclusion, Native American literature is very important to our society. The themes of all of the stories are easily related to everyday life. From the positive moments to the very lows, lessons can be learned from these tales. To the people of Indian cultures these stories are still very relevant to their lives. It is the only surviving history that they have of the prior lives of their relatives, so they must keep it preserved for generations to come.

Dante’s Inferno

Dante Algheris poem, the st wizard, strains to perfect the belief of Divine Justice. Main Christian religious themels and Dantes political views and gone encompass the concept of Divine Justice. Dante, born in 1265 in Florence, Italy, belonged to a family intensely involved in the political scene at a time of upheaval and unrest. Dante augmented his political standing by retentivity several public offices at a time of political unrest, and further, exiled from Florence.Dantes political beliefs and past reflect the essence and spirit of inspired umpire in the Inferno. At the opening of Canto III, inscribed at the gate of Hell, reveals it as a place constructed by Divine Justice, Omnipotence, and Love. Through me the way into the low city Justice urged on my high artificer my maker was divine authority, the highest wisdom, and the primal love (21). This document sets a religious tone, and implies that umpire would be substantiated by strict doctrinal Christian values.While T he Inferno, a powerfully religious poem influenced by Christian morality, Dante incorporates his political thought processls in his attempt to define Justice. Dante places numerous political figures done out the different take aims of Hell. Farinata, the attraction of the Gibellines in Florence, the party that opposed Dantes Guelphs resides in the sixth level of Hell. Another Guelph, Brunetto Latini, Dantes teacher at his university and a sodomite, resides in the seventh circle of Hell.Also, in the Seventh circle of Hell, Dante reveals his disdain for Florence, when he talks to three Florentine souls, expressing that arrogance reigns the damned city, Newcomers to the city and quick gains consecrate brought excess and arrogance to you, o Florence (147). Dante reveals the mislead political nature of Florence by placing numerous Florentine souls in Hell. to a greater extent importantly, Dante reveals the epitome of injustice through with(predicate) the corruption and turmoil of Florence.While religion, a guiding force bunghole Dantes vision of divine justice, Dantes political views came to contradict important Christian doctrine and the Catholic Church. In the Eighth circle of Hell, Dante expresses his superior criticism of the Catholic Church by placing Pope Nicholas III. Dante shows the Pope no pity, stay as you are, for you are rightly punished, (173) and further scorns alone corrupt churchmen, Id utter words much heavier than these, because your avarice afflicts the conception it tramples on the good, lifts up the wicked. (173) Dante suggests a key factor to achieving justice, a affiliate but equal Church and state. In the ninth circle of Hell, Dante places the silence living, Florentine souls Bocca defli Abata and Fra Alberigo, as traitors against their guests. Dante illustrates the worthiness of their punishment and the corruption they have caused in Florence, Ah, Genoese, a people strange to all constraint of custom, full of all corruption , why have you not been driven from the world?For the foulest sprit of Romagna, I name one of you such that, for his acts, in soul he bathes already in Cocytus and up above appears alive, in body. (309) Dante expresses the intensity of the corruption in Florence, and demonstrates this by placing two Florentian souls in one of the worst levels of Hell. More importantly, by placing these souls in Hell prior to their physical death, Dante greatly contradicts orthodox Christian doctrine. More contradictory, in the absolute lowest level of Hell, Dante places Brutus and Cassius, who murdered Julius Caesar, next to Judas Iscariot who betrayed Christ.Dante equalizes two Caesar and Christ as benefactors. Just as Christ represents the perfect disclosure of religion, Caesar embodies the perfect manifestation of secular government. While Judas should clearly experience harsher punishment, base on Christian morality, he only experiences a slightly worsened punishment than Brutus and Caissus . Clearly, Dantes vision of morality unites both politics and religion. Dantes political past with Florence immensely influences his writing in The Inferno.Dante repeatedly places Florentine souls in Hell, and further elaborates his political views and ideals, most notably, his view of a severalize but equal Church and state. In the final level of cavity Dante patently unites his political and religious views of moral justice by exhibit Lucifer and three greatest sinners of all timeJudas, the betrayer of Christ, and Cassius and Brutus, the betrayers of Julius Caesar. The internalization of political ideals with religious ones encompasses Dantes view of divine morality.Dantes InfernoUsing support from the piece, do you believe the penalties suit the crime? Yes , I believe it, because i believe in the rule substance for an eye, and i believe to and in the story explained me that God created booby hatch to occupy His need for justice suggests that He would apply the same sense of justice to the assignment of punishments. and one the line that Dantes Inferno used come from the dedication found above the gates of hell. It speaks of enduring suffering eternally, and warns the condemned to abandon every hope (canto III. ). The condemned are warned not to hold out hope for anything, including the flip of God Himself. The correlation that Dante establishes amidst the sins a soul commits on human race and their punishment in hell is impossible to overlook.The wrathful attack one another (canto VII), the gluttonous are forced to eat excrement (canto VI). The inscription over the gates of hell in canto III clearly states that God, or the Divine Authority, was urged on by His sens of justice to create hell (canto III. -5) God created hell to punish sinners, and the applicability of hells specific punishments reinforce the idea that God made it for a definite purpose. What are some differences between Upper and Lower Hell? Hell is divided into two split the upper hell consisting of 5 circles and the lower hell composed of 4 circles. The Wretched of the lower hell are held in anger by God and not the upper hell. The upper hell has to do with sins of incontinence, which is dropped by a temptation.The Wretched of the upper hell have lost tame , thats mean with no resistance for his dedication to the fervor of passion, not a true evil inside, which excludes them from the wrath. The lower Hell is when a sin is plotted that is, for the human act whose purpose is to affect another human being, with physical damage to the person or his things, or fraud that is also inclination of physical or moral harm. What are some differences between Dantes posture of Hell and yours?The Dantes perspective of hell is depicted as a funnel made up of 9 concentric circles, beginning the journey through the largest of them as you go shrinking circles will, hell is divided into nine concentric circles, as below comes more cruelty is present. for me in general ide a God created hell for the sinners and all that was committed here on populace will pay, but about 9 circles, I do not think, because I think there are many thousands of sin and between sin and other sin there is no difference, everything is paid in life, and thats why God created hell, the only salvation is Jesus Christ.

Importance of Employee Retention During a Recession

brilliance of Employee Retention During a quoin Introduction During a recession companies go for to constantly protect and plan for financial attacks from increase expenses, decreased gross revenue as well as customer and especially employee retention. Management moldiness realize that their employees atomic number 18 suffering just as their businesses ar with increased expenses and costs for everyday items. All parties must work cohesively to transition through with(predicate) a down economy. Employers must be awargon that their employees volition be looking for other employment if the familiarity is not providing the tools time and line of business in order for them to perform their patronages well.This is especially significant during recessive times when the concentrate on needs to be on customer and employee retention. Numerous studies amaze set and experts add up that company culture is the steer factor in employee satisfaction and retention. Companies must e mbrace the importance of employee retention through the execution of various retention practices so that they will be better lively to continue to grow and be succeederful even through recessionary times.Companies that grasp that concept and incorporate an environment where employees feel empowered, motivated and booked will result in greater productivity and teamwork and therefore greater customer loyalty. Company Culture Company culture and in some(prenominal) instances lack of a ordained company culture appears to be the leading factor in the retention ratio of employees remaining versus voluntarily sledding a company. The culture of a company is defined by umpteen different aspects. Organizations that focus on employee retention and management programs have found some surprising indications.Employee retention has been a challenge for all companies overlarge and small and across industry lines. Many have researched and studied the reasons why some companies have better r etention rates than others similar. Many experts agree that a basic foundation of proven retention and management skills be implemented and used impressively will result in a naughtyer retention rate. The consensus of decades of research has found that high retention has slight to do with formal programs and everything to do with culture (Duggan, 2010).Companies that aim to make undisputable theirs is a company that values its most valuable asset, its employees. Years of analysis on employee retention and human resource directives have portrayn that an environment where employees atomic number 18 valued assets and treated as such as well as hotshot where talent has been developed with the proper tools, time and training show higher retention levels over time in any frugal environment. Among those who strongly agreed that they work for a jitney who cares about their well-being, 94 percent said they intend to stay with their current employer.Of those who strongly disagreed that their manager cared about their well-being, just 43 percent planned to stick roughly (Ryan, 2010). A well known gem known among informed and rough-and-ready management is that employees do not leave companies they leave bad managers. With this knowledge companies should be able to make sure their focus and goal should be to learn that their company and its management is effective, dependable and respected leaders. This focus in the long run will realise there is a positive company culture that will allow them to maintain their most valued asset.Importance of Solid Human Resource Practices The human resource department should translate the lead when implementing policies, disciplining employees and layoffs or terminations within a company and especially during a down economy. The human resource department lot ensure that policies are implemented smoothly and within legal guidelines. They are there to ensure that company policies and procedures are communicated effectivel y. HR must take the lead in workforce management, including, when necessary, conducting layoffs or terminations of employees in a systematic, ogical and effective manner (Lieber, flush 2009). Companies are finding that by developing their current pool of employees they will be better able to weather any market trends whether up or down. Employers should focus on making sure that employees receive timed feedback from their managers. Informal weekly meetings are a great start to procreation positive relationships between managers and their staff. Studies have found that consistent communication seconds to ensure that employees are comfortable with positive and not so positive criticism.Communications and how effective companies are at communicating new policies and procedures help to foster a level of trust and openness within the entire company. An environment where employees are encouraged to voice their concerns and receive proper feedback ensures that employees are engaged in their positions and in the success of the company. Any positive, proactive measure implemented by human resources, as long as done with honesty, will help to engage employees and contribute to a positive company culture. Misconceptions of Employee RetentionEmployee retention is one of the most important factors in any companies success. Along with its importance sum several misconceptions as well as adverse effects as a result of them. The majority of employers deal that employees would never consider sledding their jobs during a recession. In fact, a survey conducted by Salary. com showed that 65% of employees strike to passively or actively looking for a new job already (Throckmorton, n. d. ). Experts are in agreement that many times companies focus on retaining their high level executives during difficult times.An article in the Mckinsey quarterly emphasizes that companies should instead turn their focus on retaining the key employees (Cosack, Guthridge, Lawson, 2010). Key e mployees are defined as ones that are normal performers and are critical to the companys success boilersuit. Key employees are not necessarily the high level executives they are normal performing employees that are critical to the overall success of the company (Cosack, Guthridge, Lawson, 2010). Collectively the departments support the entire company and tract in the companys success.Employers tend to believe that employees are in addition less engaged in their positions during a down economy because they believe that employees have fewer employment options. This is another misconception. In a study conducted by the Center for Creative Leadership and Booz Allen Hamilton found that employees are much engaged in their positions during a recession. Conclusion As one can conclude maintaining a high and effective retention rate is a challenge for most companies no matter the condition of the economy.Companies that are wicked about their success will always value their most important asset, their employees. Successful companies will have embraced the challenges and will engage their employees. Companies with effective and ethical leaders will be laying the foundation for long-term success of the company in a any economic environment.References Duggan,M. (2010,August). Best practices Retention. do drugs Topics,154(8),21. Retrieved October 31, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID2137959661). Lieber, L. (2009). How to manage terminations and layoffs in a recession. Employment Relations directly (Wiley), 36(1), 95-102. Retrieved from strain Source Complete database. Cosack, S. , Guthridge, M. , & Lawson, E. (2010). Retaining key employees in times of change. McKinsey Quarterly, (3), 135-139. Retrieved from communication channel Source Complete database. Throckman, R. (n. d. ). Are You Worrying about Retention During the Recession? You Better Be Retrieved from http//www. strategichrinc. com/articles/rentention-recession. htm. Ryan, J. (2010). Keeping Employ ees Happy in a Post-Recession World. BusinessWeek. com, 5. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.

Three Varieties of Knowledge- a Critque

Donald Davidson- Three Varieties of Knowledge Submitted By Nathan Copeland- 500349268 Submitted to Prof. Checkland PHL550 April 15, 2013 In Donald Davidsons Three Varieties of Knowledge, he sets out to much or less prove that A conjunction of consciousnesss is the basis of cognition it provides the measure of all things. (Davidson, 218). This is d angiotensin converting enzyme by start-off categorizing friendship into three distinct categories. There is feelledge of ones own estimation, acquaintance of a nonhers mind, and realiseledge of the sh ard natural world most us. He argues that no one could exist without the others.According to Davidson, fellowship of ones own mind differs from the other twain types of knowledge in the sense datum that one knows the contenteds of their own mind without any study or evidence in most cases. On the other hand, the minds of others and the physical world may nonwithstanding be interpreted through the senses, at least initial ly. He to a fault notes that accepted lookings of our physical world can be interpreted nearly instantaneously, our example creation distinguishing colours, while many aspects of others mind contents be done through physical observation of actions and haggling, which we because reconcile with our own knowledge to make inferences.This makes the latter two types of knowledge open to a degree of uncertainty that is r atomic number 18ly experienced in matters of your own mind. He similarly acknowledges the asymmetry that is app arnt between approach shot nigh knowledge of our own minds and knowledge of other minds. They are both minds, yet we come to understand our own in a rattling unique appearance. He criticizes the solution that the actions and behavior or others is sufficient for inferring certain mental states to others, besides those same actions and behaviours carried out by our selves are irrelevant when we attempt to describe ourselves.An issue being- If both ty pes of knowledge come about so differently, how can we believe that others mental states are comparable to our own. He sets out to paint a picture that includes all three types of knowledge, and shows how they are plug intod in hopes of solving these issues. Davidson asseverates that what we could not do is get on without a way of expressing, and thus communicating, our thoughts about the natural world (Davidson, pg. 208). He excessively proposes that in order for a creature to slang a belief, they mustiness alike posses the idea of impersonal truths.He then draws on Wittgenstien to say that the source of the concept of objective truth is interpersonal communication (Davidson, pg. 209). This is found on the assumption that thought cannot exist without language. Davidson argues that without the distinction between objective truth and what one thinks to be the case, there is no thought at all, and since there cannot be objective truth without the confirmation on the adapt u se of words through communicating, there cannot be thought without communicating, in his example language.It is argued that in order for communication to work, the speaker and interpreter must share an understanding of what is meant by what is being said. Davidson then uses an example of how one would go about learning a new language to expand how we come about having an understanding of the words we use. In this case, we assign words and sentences we know in our native tongue to the utterances and actions made by a foreign speaker. With trial and error we come to understand what is meant by these utterances and how they relate to reality.This process of connecting ones own thoughts with the thoughts of another through some aspect of the external world is regarded by Davidson as triangulation. it takes two points of view to confide a location to the cause of a thought, and thus define its content (Davidson, pg. 213). He believes this to be the besides way that one can know anothe rs mind or the external world, making the two mutually dependent. He points out that there is the limitation of perception at play here, with no way to look in from outside the bill to see if its write, but we may consult a third and forth party and so on to lessen the chance of an error being made. Davidson, pg. 217) Davidson then goes on to say that knowledge of the propositional contents of our own minds is not realizable without the other forms of knowledge, since there is no propositional thought without communication (Davidson, pg. 213). Furthermore, knowledge of others cannot be inferred unless we have knowledge of ourselves, as the process of coming to know anothers mind is done by matching evidence from others behaviour to our knowledge of our own, thus showing that knowledge of our own minds and others is also mutually dependent.He acknowledges that there are a great deal of possible ways that we could assign our native language to the language and behavior of another t o come about an understanding. He relates this to the measurement of weight in the sense that no matter what system you use for measurement kilograms, pounds ounces, etc. , the ceaseless factor, in this case the actual weight of the object, is the fact of the matter, not the positive units of measure. His point is that there pass on likely always be indefinity in our translations, but we will often get the general idea.He also believes that there are no strict laws that connect mental states with physical ones, stating that such laws can exist only when concepts connected by the laws are based on criteria of the same sort (Davidson, pg. 215). This all leads to the fact that we will never be able to agree on how sentences and thoughts should be organize to describe other sentences or thoughts, as the very process of discussing how we would do this is ultimately done with the very thoughts were discussing, leaving it perpetually open to interpretation.As such A community of mind s is the basis of knowledge it is the measure of all things. It makes no sense to question the adequacy of this measure, or to seek a more ultimate standard. (Davidson, pg. 218). Analysis I agree with the general idea of what Davidson is saying, with a few exceptions. I would agree that advanced knowledge can only come about with the all three types of evidence, but I also believe that basic knowledge can be acquired by bonny a person and the observable world. Suppose I live in a world with no other supporting creatures.I have no formal language. If I walk across a bed of keen rocks, my nervous system will say ouch, and it wont take extensive to figure out that sharp rocks hurt my feet. I am sensitive of this with no need to confirm with another. I am also in contention with the idea that language is essential to thought (Davidson, pg. 209). My dog thinks its acquittance for a walk every time I put my boots on. I suppose that may be considered language, or some may argue that my dogs actions have no thought, but it seems to me that to make such a claim demands more evidence.I also had an issue with the claim that sufficient in the simulation and fabric of our beliefs must be true to give content to the break (Davidson, pg. 214). Although I agree that enough of our beliefs are true, I dont see this as a necessary condition. What if everything we think is wrong, or were a mastermind in a vat. The claim is overly classic for my liking. Going back to my only creature idea, I find the disputation there is no propositional thought without communication (Davidson, pg. 213). Perhaps on this sole(a) planet I have a rock, which I am in love with.I may possess the thought, as primitive as it may be, that I love this rock. We dont communicate, but the thought remains. This may be argued as a feeling, not a thought, but Im not sure I know the unlikeness. Finally, I have another idea that is in opposition to Davidsons claims, although Im not sure if I believe it myself. He seems to think there are three distinct categories of knowledge, with knowledge of ones self coming mostly from inside, and knowledge of the world and others minds coming indirectly.My idea is this all of the thoughts, behaviors, desires etc. , of any living creature is merely a manifestation of very complex processes disaster in our brains. Our brains are chemicals and axons and neurons and much more that we are not coke% about. Im proposing that theoretically, if we can observe the brain all the way down to each and every atom, we could see how your brain looks for any abandoned idea, memory, feeling, and document the physical state relating to each and every instance.The only difference between the three states is how we go about knowing them, and with this theory we could blush come to know our own minds without having to think internally about how we feel, but by merely observing our brains. Tying this back to my alone in the world scenario, if I had the capa bility to observe my own brains inner kit and boodle while feeling the mental manifestations of such neurological reactions, I could tally the pictures with feelings the ame way we correlate others words with objects in the world. If I became well enough versed at this, I could then look at the brain of someone else whom Ive never seen, and come to know their mind as well. This theory is in contradiction with Davidsons statement that there are no strict laws that connect mental states to physical ones, but eve he acknowledges that this topic has understandably been found inconclusive by critics (Davidson, pg. 216), myself included.

Analytical Paper: Justin Martyr, First Apology Essay

Justin Martyr was the Greek apologist of Christianity who lived in the 2nd c. A. D. He was renowned for his two Apologies (the First Apology dates back to about A. D. 155, rediscovered in 1364 ), and the conference with Trypho. Both Chadwick and Ric expectantson c bothed him one of the most prominent advocates of Christian faith collectible to the most genuine spirit and voluminosity. The First Apology is addressed to the emperor Antoninus Pius and his confidants.The eloquent speech, which sometimes resembles of Platonic dialogues or defensive declaration in classic court, explains to the hostile prevailing authorities the set upations of Christian theology from the designate of a true believer. As Richardson noned, the work was not recklessly structured, so far as it was difficult for com handstators to find a clear outline. on that point is a scheme of the Apology given in chapter 23, though it is hard to check done in detail. However, Richardson observed a distinctive rhetorical scheme consisting of seven themes Plea for a Fair Hearing (chs. 1 to 8), The Faith and Life of Christians (chs.9 to 20), Superiority of Christianity to irreligiousism (chs. 21 to 29), The rivalry from Prophecy (chs. 30 to 53), Paganism an Imitation of Christianity (chs. 54 to 60), Christian faith (chs. 61 to 67), and Conclusion (ch. 68) (1953, 236). Thus, the First Apology topically consists of the appeal to the Pagan Emperors who used to prosecute early Christians, the description of Christian theological position, the equation of Pagan and Christian faiths, the overview of Biblical prophecies in regard to rescuer Christ, the look of Christian traditions (Eucharist, prays, etc. ) and the summary of previous argumentations.Justin addressed the Emperor and his relatives as philosophers and lovers of culture in the name of peck regardless of nationality existence unjustly hated and reviled for their faith. The apologist evidently held the hearers for humans being ab le to follow reason. More than that, Justin Martyr called for the high reputation of the Emperor as the tug of justice who could not send a criminal to death earlier conviction hardly, nevertheless, illogically did not pause to murder Christians. The author brush aside the suspicions that he would flatter higher authorities, or try to sample their indulgent protection.Instead, Justin suggested that the listeners should voluntary give judgment according to strict and train inquiry without prejudice or respect for superstitious men, or by irrational impulse and long-established evil rumor. No doubt that the author create his argument as if he was a solicitor speaking forrader the trial jury. In examine of his firm and sincere position of a Christian, he exclaimed, For we are firmly convinced that we buttocks suffer no evil unless we are proved to be evildoers or shown to be criminals. You can kill us, but cannot do us all real harm.Justins discourse is founded on the concep t of reason and truth. He juxtaposed the ostracize rule of custom to the positive guidance of truth. The apologists conceptualization of truth linked to the one of justice even at the personify of life, as well as to the most perfect embodiment of Reason, God. Justin warned his audience, if those who uplift the truth do not do what is right, they have no defense in advance God. Chadwick tell that, according to the apologist, the gospel and the best elements in Plato and the Stoics are just about identical ways of apprehending the equivalent truth. It seems to be true that Justin did not aghast(predicate) to appellate to the authority of heathenish philosophers, Plato and Socrates. The latter made the race of men endowed with intelligence, able to choose the truth and do right, so that all men are without excuse before God, for they were made with the powers of reason and observation. He was executed for denouncing the power of evil demons who seduced humans and made them act wickedly. Justin found that there were parallels between the Stoics catastrophic comprehension of the world and the eschatological evict of Gods judgement. Still, the Christian spirit proclaimed by Justin is ambient to Platos teaching. For example, in regard to death and martyrdom the apologist seemed to bounce the Greek philosopher in the utterance, we are not troubled by being put to death, since we will have to die somehow in any case. The Christian idea of eternal punishment for sinners and salvation for true and upright believers, when the souls of the unrighteous will be punished after death, still remain in conscious existence, and those of the virtuous, delivered from punishments, will enjoy happiness, also seems to correspond with Platos ideas.It looks as if Justin assigned both philosophers and the prophets of the Old Testament to the one and the same position. He argued that Plato in his saying that, The blame belongs to him who chooses, and God is free from bl ame, sounded same(p) the prophet Moses. The concept of Divinity as bodiless and formless fondness having created the Universe traveled from one philosophic mind to an different. Justin seemed to view the purpose of the Old Testament prophets in paving the road to the descending of deliverer Christ to people to redeem them of sins and evil.Justin wrote, There were among the Jews certain men who were prophets of God, through whom the prophetic animation announced in advance events that were to sink. One whitethorn assume that the apologist had knowledge of human psychology and community behavior. He assumed that God testified in advance through the prophetic Spirit that things which are unbelievable and thought impossible among men would happen, so that when this should occur it would not be disbelieved, but received with faith because it had been predicted. Citing the Bible, Justin analyzed the evidence from the Old Testament in regard to the events of the New Testament. He sta ted further that there were even more events to have been predicted by past prophets and there would be the second epiphany of Christ to Earth. Justin Martyr was a originate in underlining the Christian emphasis on spirit and dismissing human inning as the driving cause for any acts and events. According to him, Christians were outstanding in their longing for the life which is eternal and pure. When the writer compared the pagan tradition of limning gods as the objects of craft, he stressed that it was disgusting because of craftsmens licentious habits. He recalled ancient accounts of pagan gods living material life in job to Christian God who has no need of material offerings from men, considering that he is the supplier of all. It is interesting to observe how Justin act to build the hierarchy of three Christian deities the Father, the Son and the Spirit. He made his best to explain that Christians honored deliverer as occupying the second place in the system, whereas the prophetic Spirit was in the third rank.He dwelt in details on the teaching of Jesus where people were taught to love and trust each other, live in honor and clarity of thought and deed. That formed a sharp contrast to the pagan traditions of prostitution, greed, lust and wilderness. Justin put Christianity superior to Paganism because Christian God let believers not to consume by fire the things he has made for our nourishment, but to devote them to our use and those in need, in thankfulness to him sending up solemn prayers and hymns for our creation. Christian God pursued the genuine truth and did not enjoy prejudices and human blindness in referencing to the truth. Involuntary, Justin sometimes made exchangeable Christian and Pagan deities. However, he immediately tried to explain those analogies as imitations of the truth inspired by the devil, who with foresight and sagacity has thereby tried to inoculate men against the gospel by caricatures of the Incarnation or of the sta rk(a) birth or of baptism and the eucharist. What is the use of Justins First Apology in the Roman and rulern period?First, he addressed plain people who craved after the main idea for their lives. Second, he integrated the wise teaching in the sequence of human thought to change the outliving mode of political and spiritual life. Third, he was utterly frank and open-hearted in describing the emergent faith. So far as his theological contribution is concerned, Justin was artful comely to piece together a mosaic providing a clear and astonishingly full account of his doctrines of God, Creation, Incarnation, Atonement, the Church, the sacraments of baptism and eucharist, and the Last Things. Richardson admitted in his turn that Justin Martyr stood asunder from other apologists in his warm and human tone Most of the other Apologists lead their reader to the door of the church while Justin opens it and tells a strong deal about what goes on inside. BibliographyChadwick, Henry. Early Christian Thought and the chaste Tradition Studies in Justin, Clement, and Origen. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1984. Richardson, Cyril Charles. Early Christian Fathers. Philadelphia, PA Westminster Press, 1953.

Law on School Prayer Essay

The issue on crop appealingness has been subject to constitutional debate since 1960s. The Court control against instruct-sponsored ingathering in the Engel vs. Vitale case in 1962. Such court determination is in line with the upholding of freedom of religion (and the expression of ones faith and printing). The Court said that one could instead do his or her prayer privately and need non impose his or her prayer to anyone (Dierenfield, 2007).This is the very basis of the Court for implementing the non-school-sponsored prayer in every school in the United States. Such ruling was put into question when some other(a) case of school-sponsored prayer occurred in 2000. The case wherein the Santa Fe Independent indoctrinate District permitted the non-private conduction of prayer (done in front of other students of the school) which is ingest to declare support for the football athletes (Status of Current Law on educate Prayer, 2007).Although, the copulation had tried to inter vene with the issue, the Court still prevailed by maxim that the school violated the law against school-sponsored worship or prayer. In sanctify to uphold the ruling of the Court against school-sponsored worship or prayer, the House and the Senate passed the ESEA (Elementary and thirdhand Education) in October 30 2001 (Status of Current Law on School Prayer, 2007). This impress states that schools that would violate the law against school-sponsored prayer would be denied of federal funding.The Congress perplex was to uphold the right of students for voluntary prayer hence it disallowed the imposition of school on conducting a school prayer. The fear of losing the support of the government (for humankind schools) really held every school so that they became really careful around dealing with spectral and faith-related issues of their students. They allowed their students to pray or not pray. They do not anymore try to make actions or sponsor events that would tend to suffer particulars faiths or religions.Legal Implications Truly, no one should interfere with others way of expressing himself or herself. Likewise, no one should impose his or her religion, belief or faith to anyone (Muir, 1985). Thus, the Court had a very good understanding for declaring such decision concerning school prayer. By taking a nigher examination on the issue, one would realize that the Court, as well as the Congress, just really wanted to protect the rights of the students for voluntary prayer.Hence, schools were ordered not to support any form or kind of religious and faith-related activities. This is ascribable to the fact that public schools have a diverse population of students who expire to various religions. In effect, if the school would favor one student or a group of students in the school to conduct an event that would promote their religion, there will really be a violation against the rights of other students on their religious belief (Muir, 1985).The Court p rovided a very plausible and rational suggestion to religious sectors and the parents of the students. It said that students can practice their sustain way of upholding their religious faith while not impeding others right of voluntary prayer. They can really do their prayers privately. By doing so, no one would complain about the imposition of school prayer. The Congresss sponsorship and Courts implementation of the ESEA could really help them observe and regulating schools in sponsoring and conducting activities.The schools, in return, would ensure that they would be hands-off regarding religious matters. They should really do that otherwise their federal funding would be denied by the government (Status of Current Law on School Prayer, 2007). To end, the issue on school prayer and the law regarding it intend to promote the rights of the students for voluntary prayer and against discrimination of religion. Schools primary duty is to ensure proper education for their students an d that should be their focus.

Case Study of Calyx & Corolla Essay

Calyx and Corolla is a union that can be considered a big success. It is a follow that has beaten competition and has managed to curve their way into extensive profits. find in spacious offices in San Francisco gives the company added advantage as they imbibe a centralized decision making unit. The company deals with the deliverance of roseolas from growers to clients by mail. This was a new invention that contributed much to the success of the company. The simplicity of their puzzle of line of products was the role they played in the flowers transaction. The company save acted as a facilitator to alter growers r for each unitary customers directly.The report is an analysis of the various trade strategies employed by the company in the course of their business and how those strategies worked. It is an paygrade of exactly how the 4Ps and 3Cs approaches were employed. It is likewise an evaluation of the strategies employed by the company to quarter and retain customers in an otherwise flooded flower market. The paper ends with nigh recommendations on the future of the company particularly how to progress toulate a dodge to accommodate the expanded business. The paper presents the options available for the company and the capacity each option has to the company.The 4Ps set simply is a marketing scheme that strikes a relief between products, price, promotion and the designate in which the business is located. On the other end the 3Cs model provide customers with choice, convenience and control to enable them enjoy the companys products or services. Finding the right balance between all the above factors constitutes on effective marketing strategy. The companies that convey managed to find this balance hand over managed to penetrate tight markets while competitors stagnate. A powerful marketing plan not only gains a big sh are but it besides gains loyalty of customers (Baker, 2003).Products are the basic units that form a companys basis fo r operation. The products that a company produces present to be postulateed by the customers. If companies produce unnecessary goods, they would not take on the means of recovering the costs involved. As entrepreneurs label the businesses to engage in, they should do so based on market information. The Calyx and Corolla Company had gathered becoming market data and identified customer trends. The product they chose to deal with, flowers, was one needed by customers. The company had also identified who their target segments were.In dealing with a product that expressed peoples emotions, the company managed to draw huge customer base (Baker, 2003).. A product can be released that customers need. entirely it is not until the awareness is raised that customers would gain interest in it and evaluate it with others in the market. Promotions are thus necessary and should be targeted at the customer base the company has identified. Promotions should be centered on customer mirth rat her than product selling. Calyx and Corolla Company run many advertisements on televisions, print media including magazines running promotions, and point of sale marketing.In their advertisements, they made customers fell that their unavoidably had been met. They not only provided customers with flowers but they also vases to put in. The promotions covered nearly the entire market they intended to reach especially the European market. Customers result always go for the cheap products in the market if the utility is the identical for dear(p) ones. Customers are also willing to go for slightly costly products if they believe the goods or services are of higher quality. The business model employed by Calyx and Corolla of linking customers with flower growers enabled them to lower the costs of delivery.The company therefore offered customers cheaper products whose quality superceded that in the market. This enabled the company to gain more(prenominal) customers. The strategy by t he company involved gaining customer royalty and expanding market share. Their price strategy worked for them evidenced by the huge sales they managed to make in only when a short time. Another key factor considered for effective marketing of products is the location of the company. Location eases a companys access to suppliers to aid the delivery of goods and other raw materials needed. Location is also important in enabling the company to reach their customers faster.The distributions channels of the company can only be effective if there is a central place where both suppliers and customers can operate. Calyx & Corolla Company is strategically placed in San Francisco, a place where customers hare a high demand for flowers. San Francisco is well served by the major(ip) airlines making provision of flowers and other commodities not only cheaper but also convenient. The company has spacious premises on which a warehouse has been built. The warehouse offers the company with tempora lly storage of products, which further reduces costs.Customers often avoid products or services that deny them the flexibility they need. They insist on having varieties to choose from. Customers are attracted more by those products that not only satisfy their immediate need but also offer more. This is the case when customers evaluate the value of the products more than the price. Calyx & Corolla Company managed to diversify their products. They not only dealt with facilitating delivery of flowers from growers to customers but also provided flower vases to the customers as a value addition strategy.The vases were offered at hawkish prices, which were almost negligible for the customers. The customers were more persuaded into buying the flower vases since they had been saved the hustles of breathing out to purchase flower vases from some other vendors. The customer care plane section of the calyx & corolla company was very effective in handling customer queries and complaints. Th e company increased workers in this department to cater for the many customers who streamed in at the peak seasons. This increased the effectiveness of the company.The company therefore succeeded in fling the necessary convenience customers sought and thus were able to move ahead of the competitors. In a company dealing with products selling or delivery as Calyx & Corolla Company dealt, customers require deals which give them power to determine what they need. As customers choose, they enjoy having control to dictate what they need. The customers in the Calyx & Corolla case, customers lay down control to magnitude for certain specifications for their products. The company, by linking customers with growers, has enabled customers to identify with these growers.There are however challenges that have risen from this expansion of business. Customers have increased and complaints have increased too. The company is left with the option of hiring more workers, which in effect would be c ounterproductive during the low seasons. For the company to effectively compete with other international flower firms, they must consider expanding their business operations to Europe. Market research has shown that Europeans have a higher liking for flowers than the Americans. The company should therefore consider gap a branch in Europe to capture the lucrative business there.

Chapter 3 Quiz

1 of 30 Which of the pursuit is a time period variable? A. the re c ar for of the house in which you bear B. the balance in your savings account C. your monthly expending of hamburgers D. the trope of hamburgers in your refrigerator at the beginning of the month 1 start of 1 Correct. The dissolving agent is C. As explained in sh atomic number 18 2-1, a flow is a quantity measurable per unit time and a personal line of credittaking is a quantity heedful at a given demo in time. 2 of 30 Which of the succeeding(a) is non a trite variable? A. government debt B. the labor metier C. the amount of money held by the public D. inventory enthronisation 0 pay heed expose of 1 In pass up. The slouch result is D.Inventory investment is a quantity mensurationd per unit time, so it is a flow variable. shoot the breeze surgical incision 2-1. 3 of 30 piggish domestic crossing (gross domestic product) is A. a stock. B. a flow. C. both a stock and a flow. D. neither a stock nor a flow. 0 egress of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. gross domestic product is a quantity measured per unit time, so it is a flow. See parting 2-1. 4 of 30 gross domestic product measures A. expenditure on all final goods and services. B. total income of everyone in the economy. C. total value added by all firms in the economy. D. all of the above. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is D. See part 2-1 for a discussion of what gross domestic product measures. of 30 Suppose that a farmer grows chaff and sells it to a baker for $1, the baker makes bread and sells it to a inventory for $2, and the store sells it to the customer for $3. This transaction increases gross domestic product by A. $1. B. $2. C. $3. D. $6. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. As explained in region 2-1, gross domestic product includes only the value of the final goods and services. Therefore, this transaction increases GDP by $3. 6 of 30 Which of the undermentioned is not include in GDP? A . the salary paid to a federal judge B. the value of ho development services enjoyed by homeowners C. the value of automobile services enjoyed by car owners D. he value added by a shipping company that transports goods from the factory to retail stores 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. In principle, GDP should include the imputed rent on automobiles, but in practice it does not. See percentage 2-1. 7 of 30 In which case is total expenditure in an economy not extend to to total income? A. If total saving is larger than total investment. B. If salary merchandises are not zero. C. If inventory investment is negative. D. None of the abovethey are everlastingly liken. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is D. As explained in Section 2-1, total expenditure in an economy always equals total income. of 30 All other things equal, GDP testament jump on if A. imports rise. B. exports fall. C. durable goods utilisation rises. D. military disbursal falls. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. A rise in imports, a fall in exports, or a fall in military spending forget decrease GDP. A rise in durable goods consumption will increase GDP. See Section 2-1. 9 of 30 Which of the by-line statements describes the difference mingled with real and titular GDP? A. sure GDP includes only goods nominative GDP includes goods and services. B. Real GDP is measured using constant base-year legal injurys noun phrase GDP is measured using current values.C. Real GDP is equal to nominal GDP less the disparagement of the capital stock. D. Real GDP is equal to nominal GDP multiplied by the consumer charge index. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is B. For a discussion of the differences between real and nominal GDP, see Section 2-1. 10 of 30 If drudgery stays the aforementioned(prenominal) and all termss double, then real GDP A. and nominal GDP are both constant. B. is constant and nominal GDP is rock-bottom by half. C. is constant and nominal GDP doubles . D. doubles and nominal GDP is constant. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. Real GDP is measured in constant prices, so it is unaffected by a price increase.Nominal GDP is measured in current prices. If prices double, so will nominal GDP. See Section 2-1. 11 of 30 Real GDP equals A. nominal GDP minus net exports. B. nominal GDP divided up up by the GDP deflator. C. nominal GDP multiplied by the GDP deflator. D. GDP minus depreciation. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. As explained in Section 2-1, real GDP equals nominal GDP divided by the GDP deflator. 12 of 30 If production remains the same and all prices double relative to the base year, then the GDP deflator is A. 1/4. B. 1/2. C. 1. D. 2. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is D.As explained in Section 2-1, the GDP deflator equals nominal GDP divided by real GDP. If prices double, nominal GDP will double and real GDP will be unchanged. Therefore, the GDP deflator will equal 2. 13 of 30 Consider the pastime table APP LES ORANGES form Production/Price Production/Price 1995 20/ $0. 50 10/$1. 00 2000 10/ $1. 00 10/$0. 50 If 1995 is the base year, what is the GDP deflator for 2000? A. 0 B. between 0 and 1 C. 1 D. greater than 1 Question not answered 14 of 30 To obtain the net depicted object product (NNP), start with the gross field product (gross national product) and subtract A. depreciation. B. epreciation and verifying phone line taxes. C. depreciation, indirect business taxes, and embodied profits. D. depreciation, indirect business taxes, corpo grade profits, and social insurance contributions. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is A. For an explanation of NNP, see Section 2-1. 15 of 30 To obtain national income, start with gross national product and subtract A. depreciation. B. depreciation and the statistical discrepancy. C. depreciation, indirect business taxes, and corporate profits. D. depreciation, indirect business taxes, corporate profits, and social insurance contributions. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B.National income equals gross national product minus depreciation and the statistical discrepancy. See Section 2-1. 16 of 30 Approximately what lot of national income consists of compensation of employees? A. 10 percent B. 25 percent C. 70 percent D. 95 percent 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. The components of national income are discussed in section 2-1. 17 of 30 Which of the following is not considered investment? A. A family builds a house in which it plans to live. B. A car dealer stores some of this years models for next year. C. An individual purchases several pieces of boss furniture. D. A firm buys a computer for word processing. out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. As discussed in Section 2-1, the reallocation of vivacious assets among different individuals is not investment for economy. 18 of 30 Suppose that Jones builds a impudent house, then she sells it to Smith, and then Smith sells it to Williams. The tota l net investment from these transactions is A. zero. B. 1 house. C. 2 houses. D. 3 houses. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is B. As explained in Section 2-1, building a new house counts as investment selling an existing house does not. 19 of 30 The consumer price index (cost-of-living index) A. measures the price of a fixed hoop of goods and services.B. measures the price of a basket of goods and services that constantly changes as the reputation of consumer spending changes. C. measures the amount of money that it takes to produce a fixed take aim of utility. D. is one of the many statistics in the National Income Accounts. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is A. The CPI measures the price of a fixed basket of goods and services. See Section 2-2. 20 of 30 Suppose that the typical consumer buys one apple and one orange every month. In the base year 1986, the price for separately was $1. In 1996, the price of apples rises to $2, and the price of oranges remains at $1.Assuming that t he CPI for 1986 is equal to 1, the CPI for 1996 would be equal to A. 1/2. B. 1. C. 3/2. D. 2. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. The CPI measures the change in the price of the typical consumers basket of goods. Since the price of the basket was $2 in 1986, and it is $3 in 1996, the CPI for 1996 is equal to 3/2. See Section 2-2. 21 of 30 Consider the following table Consumption Goods Nonconsumption Goods Year Production Price Production Price 1995 20/$0. 50 10/$1. 00 2000 10/$1. 00 10/$0. 50 If 1995 is the base year, the CPI in 2000 is A. 0. B. 1/2. C. 1. D. 2. 0 out of 1Incorrect. The correct answer is D. The CPI is a measure of the price of a fixed basket of consumption goods. Since the price of consumption goods doubled between 1995 and 2000, the 2000 CPI will equal 2. See Section 2-2. 22 of 30 Which of the following statements about the CPI and the GDP deflator is legitimate? A. The CPI measures the price level the GDP deflator measures the production of an economy. B. The C PI refers to a base year the GDP deflator always refers to the current year. C. The weights given to prices are not the same. D. The GDP deflator takes the price of imported goods into account the CPI does not. out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. For a discussion of the CPI and the GDP deflator, see Section 2-2. 23 of 30 All other things equal, if the price of foreign-made cars rises, then the GDP deflator A. and the CPI will rise by equal amounts. B. will rise and the CPI will remain the same. C. will remain the same and the CPI will rise. D. and the CPI will rise by different amounts. 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. Goods and services produced afield do not enter the GDP deflator, but are included in the CPI if the foreign goods are in the consumers basket. See Section 2-2. 24 of 30General Motors increases the price of a model car produced exclusively for export to Europe. Which U. S. price index is affected? A. the CPI B. the GDP deflator C. both the CPI and the GD P deflator D. neither the CPI nor the GDP deflator 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. The GDP deflator is affected because the cars are produced domestically. The CPI does not change because the cars are not consumed domestically. See Section 2-2. 25 of 30 Which of the following events will cause the unemployment rate to increase? A. an increase in population, with no change in the size of the labor force B. proportionately equal increase in the labor force and the number of trifling workers C. an increase in the labor force with no change in the number of employed workers D. an increase in the number of employed workers with no change in the number of unemployed workers 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is C. The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed workers divided by the labor force. If the labor force increases and employment does not change, the unemployment rate will increase. See Section 2-3. 26 of 30 An example of a person who is counted as unem ployed is a A. retired worker below the mandate retirement age.B. part-time worker who would like to work full-time. C. senator who resigns her job to slant for president. D. student going to school full-time. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. For a discussion of who is considered unemployed, see Section 2-3. 27 of 30 Suppose that a factory worker turns 62 years rare and retires from her job. Which statistic is not affected? A. number of unemployed B. unemployment rate C. labor force D. labor-force participation rate 1 out of 1 Correct. The answer is A. The factory worker willingly leaves her job so she is not considered to be unemployed.See Section 2-3. 28 of 30 Suppose that the size of the labor force is ampere-second cardinal and that the unemployment rate is 5 percent. Which of the following actions would reduce the unemployment rate the more or less? A. 1 one thousand million unemployed people keep jobs B. 2 million unemployed people leave the labor force C . 3 million people join the labor force and they all get jobs D. 10 million people join the labor force and half of them get jobs 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. The unemployment rate is equal to the number of unemployed workers divided by the size of the labor force.If you rate it for each of the above situations, you will see that it is most reduced when 2 million unemployed people leave the labor force. See Section 2-3. 29 of 30 Suppose that a Canadian citizen crosses the border each day to work in the United States. Her income from this job would be counted in A. U. S. GNP and Canadian GNP. B. U. S. GNP and Canadian GDP. C. U. S. GDP and Canadian GNP. D. U. S. GDP and Canadian GDP. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is C. Her income is counted as U. S. GDP and Canadian GNP. See Section 2-1 for the definitions of gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP). 0 of 30 Suppose that an Italian working in the United States renounces his Italian c itizenship and is granted U. S. citizenship. Which of the following will happen? A. Italian GDP will fall U. S. GNP will rise. B. Italian GNP will fall U. S. GNP will rise. C. Italian GDP will fall U. S. GDP will rise. D. Italian GNP will fall U. S. GDP will rise. 0 out of 1 Incorrect. The correct answer is B. The workers income was counted as Italian GNP and U. S. GDP. After the worker becomes a U. S. citizen, his income is counted as U. S. GNP and GDP. Therefore, Italian GNP falls and U. S. GNP rises. See Section 2-1.