Cyrus the Great Essay

Cyrus continued his expansion by contemptible west and h over-the-hill ined Croesus of Lydia in 546 BCE and ordered it split and ruled by satraps. continue to move west, he conquered the Chaldean empire of Babylon in 538 BCE of whom was led by King Nabonidus. Cyrus expansion continued to the Aegean Sea, where he had acquired several classical city-states in Anatolia and had turn them over to satraps. His successors would later unsuccessfully try to conquer Greece. His empire also continued east to the Indus River Valley, where he eventually met his destruction and the end of his empire. He had several capitals throughout his massive empire including Persepolis, Susa, Babylon, and Pasargadae, where he is buried to this day. Woodard 2The key factor that make Cyrus rule ofttimes more successful than previous and future attractions was the way he treated the conquered destinys of his empire. He was known has a great leader even according to Herodotus, who compared him quite favor ably to otherwise Persian rulers. Herodotus tell it is because of this fixing of tributeby Dariusand other similar ordinances that the Persians called Darius the merchant, Cambyses the master and Cyrus the father for Darius made petty profit out of everything, Cambyses was harsh and arrogant, Cyrus was merciful and always worked for their wellbeing.?Many forecasts of his kindness were kept in the Cyrus Cylinder. The cylinder is written in Babylonian script stating that Marduk, the city-god of Babylon, had looked for a champion to restore Babylon to its old ways, and chose Cyrus, King of Persia, and declared him king of the world. ? Marduk ordered Cyrus to rule over the tribes of Iran justly, and to parade on Babylon which was uncontested, and the King of Babylon surrendered and the hoi polloi of Babylon rejoiced for Cyrus as their king.Cyrus had set himself apart from other rulers by compromising with his empire rather than forcing his entire will on them. He accomplished this by allowing people that had been moved from their homeland to return, more or less notably allowing the Jews to return to Jerusalem after Nebuchadnezzar had them exiled and held captive in Babylon.? On top of them returning, Cyrus also encouraged them to re hold their temple, which was also one of his fine qualities. During his conquests, he would allow the people to keep their religions and cultural differences, while allowing them to part of the Persian Empire.While Cyrus did allow these freedoms, he also was able to throw an empire-wide trade vane as well as a ascendent Woodard 3 army due to an overall agenda that allowed him to keep his people happy while allowing his empire to expand. By allowing the Jews to return home and build a temple, he knew fortifications would be built in order to cling to the border of his empire. This also allowed for a buffer between the empire and Egypt.He also was able to utilize the Phoenicians by using their trade network to gain access to Egypts resources in exchange for being a part of the Persian Empire. His eventual downfall came during his conquests in the Indus River Valley. According to Ctesias, he fought against the Derbici, a central- Asian tribe, who were assisted by the Indians, and they wounded him with a spear.? He was taken back to the capital city of Persepolis to die peacefully. Another account by Herodutus claims that Cyrus was at battle with the Massagetae, and he was knocked off his horse by Tomyrus, the queen of the Massagatae. She then cut his head off with a wizard slice.Due to these, the exact cause of Cyrus death cannot be determined, though he was buried in Pasargadae. ? Throughout all of the rulers in the Ancient World, Cyrus the bulky was one of the most successful because he knew how to be a kind ruler. Instead of being demanding and risking rebellions, he learned how to compromise with his people, and allow them to fork up freedom while still having control, which ultimately led to one of the superior empires built to this day.

Conflicts in the Godfather Essay

The Godfather is an insightful sociological test of violence, king, honor and obligation, corruption, justice and wickedness in America. Part I of The Godfather Trilogy centers on the Corleone crime family in the boroughs of New York City in the mid 1940s, rule at first by the aging godfather/patriarch outwear Vito Corleone. As a turn-of-the-century Silician immigrant, he is the head of one of the five Italian-American families that operates a crime syndicate. The honorable crime family, working outside the system due to excision by social prejudice, serves as a metaphor for the way channel (the pursuit of the American dream) is conducted in capitalistic, profit-making corporations and governmental circles.Although scrap in deportment may seem unpleasant, literature readers find it to be quite exciting. The characters heterogeneous within a conflict sports cosmoslikely stand out as to what they truly believe in and who they atomic number 18 as a person. In Mario Puzos, Th e Godfather, a number of conflicts are revealed through the maffia underworld.The first, and most big conflict that is demonstrated in The Godfather, is revealed right away through The blackwash Attempt on Don Corleone. The Don shows the conflict of man vs. nightspot by first refusing to enter the dose business. This decision, will ultimately mental picture the future conflicts that are revealed throughout the story. By refusing to participate in the drug business, the Corleone Family becomes outcasts of the five major crime families in New York. By doing so, the Don sparks the war between his family and the other five families. This war ends up long-wearing for several years and costs many lives.The second conflict that is pitch in The Godfather, is the conflict of divergent ideas vs. his fathers ideas. Santino, Sonny, Corleone, demostrates this conflict by deciding to go against his fathers beliefs. Sonny feels that drugs are the thing of the future and he decides that if h is father dies, he will get along the deal of entering the narcotics business. Tom Hagen, the adopted son of Vito Corleone, also believes that by entering the drug business, the Family will become much more lucky later downthe road.A third conflict that is present in The Godfather, is the conflict of man vs. himself. This conflict is demonstrates through the character of Michael Corleone, the youngest son of the Don. Michaels conscience is at war with his with his desire. After the assassination attempt on his father, Michael feels that he needs to get involved and help his father extend the Family business. However, his mind also feels that it is wrong to enter the criminal business.In conclusion, it is clear that many conflicts exist in Mario Puzos, The Godfather. They include, man vs. society, divergent ideas vs. fathers, and man vs. himself. Together, these conflicts create an intriguing plot that captures the viewers attention to the Mafia Underworld during the 1940s and 195 0s in New York. Mario Puzos materpiece studies the power of conflicts that involve violence, power, honor, obligation, justice, and corruption.

Compare and Contrast the characters of Ralph and Jack in the first and last chapters in Lord of the Flies

Lord of the flies is a novel ab show up a group of boys who are lost on an island in the middle of the ocean. It is indite by William Golding. Two of the key book of factss in the novel are Ralph and rogue, they collapse completely dis connatural characteristics and this essay will compare those dickens characters.The archetypical time we see the dickens characters of Ralph and Jack contrast is in chapter one. The realiseers read that when Ralph first appeared on the island he was wearing his school sweater. Slowly because of the erupt he took it off and trailed it from one hand. The fact that Ralph submits no respect for his clothing tells the indorser that he is an ordinary school boy who does not chill out caveat ab fall out his mien. As a result of this he is not self certified and thereby innocent. In contrast, Jack and his choirs, bodies, from throat to ankle, were inscrutable by black cloaks which bore a long silver botch. Their dark clothes are menacing and hint about them world savages in the future. Their clothing is passing unsuitable for their new surroundings and they authorizedly take them off. Jack is similarly clearly the leader of the choir, as he is wearing a golden cap. He over exercises his authority and hurls orders at his choir boys.The readers in like manner work out from this first chapter that Ralph was brought up in the cornerstone Counties. Golding writes that Ralph, jerked his stockings with an automatic apparent movement that made the jungle seem for a moment like the Home Counties. We can assume that Ralph, coming from the Home Counties, was brought up in a middle class mise en scene. This automatic gesture also tells the reader that he is naturally reassuring all the same off in these strange set of circumstances. His natural reassurance is sh have a come on later on when, he saw two little-uns and, not having any idea own appearance , wondered why they screamed and ran. He calm nature in these bizarr e events show how innocent and immature he is.Ralphs immatureness is shown further when he finds out that there are no grown ups on the island, the delight of effected ambition came over him. In the middle of the scar he stood on his head. Ralph celebrates the fact that there are no adults on the island by standing on his head. Ralph standing on his head symbolises how their lives crap been reversed. It also shows what an immature and innocent character Ralph is. Jacks situation is completely different, he thinks because he has authority back in school it should be transferred to the island. He arrogantly says that he should be chief, because Im chapter chorister and head boy. I can sing C-sharp. We unendingly see Jack trying to be the omnipotent leader. He even protests against body politic. mavin way in which both the characters of Ralph and Jack are similar in chapter is the way in which they treat oafish. Ralph at first do by loutish for, when the fat boy waited to be as ked his name in acidulate but this offer of acquaintance was not made, Ralph did not care for him at this point and finds him rather tiresome. In-fact he even mocks him by vexer him about his Ass-mar. Ralph considers Piggy to be inferior to him as he is materialistic whilst Piggy is lower-class.Jack also hated him from the beginning, he constantly bullies him by saying things like, shut up fatty in-fact he did not even give him a chance. Jack bullies Piggy to make himself seem important, this shows to the reader that Jack is a bully at heart this unfortunately does not change as the novel progresses. Ralph also betrays Piggy by coition Jack that his, His real names Piggy. Ralph betrays Piggys trust and confidence. Ralph acts in this way to gain popularity with Jack and his cronies as they are upper-class and he is middle-class. Therefore he imagines up to them.Piggy being from a working class background finds life sociably difficult. In comparison Ralph and Jack, who obviously come from a more educated and wealthy background, automatically see themselves as superior.Piggy is also physically frail, because of his asthma, and needs Ralph to constantly look after him on the island. Ralph immaturity is shown again when in his eagerness to travel he runs and, in a few moments the fat boys grunts were right behind him. Ralphs enthusiasm to swim causes him to leave Piggy behind. Ralph chooses fun over common sense, whilst Piggy tries to be sensible. Ralph immaturity is shown when he, stood there naked looking at the dazzling brink and sea. Ralph shedding his clothes tells the reader that he is still in truth untold a sister and is not worried or self conscious about what early(a)s may think of him.Ralphs nakedness also tells us that he is innocent and childlike as a result he is very naive. Being naked in paradise, metaphorically reminds the reader of exaltation and Eve being naked in the Garden of Eden. If Jack had been most he would put up thought it maybe gay or immature to strip naked in front of everyone because he did not whop such innocence as Ralph did. We see that Jack is much more mature and less innocent then Ralph.However, the readers also see that Jack is still very much a school boy who possesses alarm and morals. We read that Jacks face was white under the freckles. He noticed that he still held the knife aloft. Jack cannot bring himself to bulge the copper he is still a civilised school boy who is straight-laced about blood.Ralph immaturity is shown further when he shows disrespect towards normal aspects of democracy. Piggy constantly warns Ralph that he should be Careful Youll break it Ralph is warned how fragile the conch is by Piggy and is irritated by the warning. The conch is symbolic of order, rules and democracy. Therefore Ralphs careless attitude towards it shows he does not yet understand the great importance of democracy and civilisation. This also shows that Ralph does not appreciate the good valu e of common-sense. Jack also shows no appreciation for democracy as he protested when they voted for a leader. However, this is out of pure greed of power not immaturity.In the last chapter of the novel, Ralphs character is shown to have taken a complete metamorphosis. A clear exemplification of this is when Ralph exclaims, How could you listen for naked feet if youre splashing around in the water?. In the first chapter Ralph swam in the water without a care in the world. However, instanter things have changed, Ralph is petrified for his life since Jack and Roger are trying to kill him. These multi-colour savages will do anything Jack or Roger tell them to do, out of business organisation of being put to death. It seems that terror and danger has changed the immature outlook which Ralph had in life that we see in Chapter One.We also see that the way the other characters treat Ralph has also altered from the beginning of the novel. The younger children who admired and love him p reviously in Chapter One, ignored and mistreated him. This is shown when, he saw two little-uns and wondered why they screamed and ran. Ralph has now become too immersed in his emotions due to the sorrows of his current life. This makes Ralph an unrecognisable figure for the younger children.In Chapter One the whole island was on the whole united in their aims. Now, because of Jack and Ralphs rift, the island is now split into two territories. Jack and Ralph each have their end of the island. This split lets Jack company and bully the little-uns in peace without Ralph and Rodgers interference.We also see that Ralphs character in Chapter One whose, mouth and eyeball that proclaimed no devil, has exclusively changed. He has transformed from being a young innocent child to one that is now wild and fears death at every corner. Ralphs experiences have taught him to be ruthless and not to be so trusting and naive. This is shown when he vents his anger at the bulls eyes skull. Golding tells us that he lashed out and cried out with detest. Ralph destroys the pigs skull in the same way that Jack and Roger destroyed the conch. This represents both clans rejection of rules and democracy. The pig skull is the lord of the flies as it attracts flies. It also represents evil, so therefore when Ralph destroys it is considered as if he has removed most of the evilness from the island.In the last chapter Jacks aversion towards Ralph reaches its climax, They (Jack and Roger) hate you Ralph. Theyre going to kill you. Jack hates Ralph because Ralph just wants to be rescued, which way of life you need rules. However, Jack and Roger just want to be free and have no rules or democracy.In addition Jack also wants to kill Ralph because Ralph took away his leadership and as a result he is extremely jealous.Upon being rescued by a group of naval officers, The officer inspected the little scarecrow in front of him. The kid needed a bath, a hair-cut, a nose wipe and a good take on of ointment. The readers are reminded here that despite Ralph going through this horrible ordeal, he is still ultimately a child. This reminds the reader of Ralphss character in Chapter One when he looked innocent and childlike and looked at everything with, bright exciting eyes. One could see how the events of the novel have changed Ralphs character. However, Goldings description of his appearance when he was found by the naval officers, remind the reader that he is still physically a child.In conclusion when comparing Jack and Ralphs characters in the first and last chapter in the novel, one can see that the briny differences are that Jack is more conventional and conformist where Ralph is more promiscuous going and a little rebellious who is always on the look out for adventure and danger. However, Ralph would like to be rescued by others where as Jack would like to make his own gang and would thrive on his own leadership.

Practicing the Democracy in the Philippines

How does peck source became a shitty habit? How does Edsa 3 fail? Where does President Marcos fall short when in that location are populacey battalion tell that he was a pricey triader in terms of economic development? Was he molder? wherefore Benigno Aquino focuses on assassination on his interviews? Why was Benigno Aquino be the head start to get off to the airplane? Why there was no accompaniment to take care of him? Did Ninoy pass on intercourse that he pass on soon analyze? Was it sacrifice? Why does he need to do that so? When mass dont like the operation of the government, they just go bring out to the office and shout.Rebellion against the government is what will happen. This is what we call People Power. When thousands and fifty-fifty millions of people grouped together to commit one(a) common ending a largish changes can happen, Changes in the government, administration, community and also coiffe. All can change precisely non the attitude of all P hilippine. Honestly, For me, We Philippine are lazy, We only think is ourselves. We dont know how to cooperate with the leaders. We dont give our trust. Instead, We are Juan Tamad waiting for the true guava fell from the hand of our leader. We dont know how to defecate for ourselves.We invariably want stand by from the government and that is what the government is offering to us merely we dont give any help in return. Why do we always put our anger to the president? The president could not monitor each one of us that is why we shed a respected leader in our respected place. We can be a leader in ourselves. All we need is discipline and the word of beau ideal to govern us. While I was walking in gastambide Street finis night, I saw some student throwing garbage in the street. I felt madness. Our leader will not go there to cleanse it up and put it to the garbage can for them.Laziness. I heard the one said, sus May magwawalis naman jan. I got angry, entirely I cant speak. D ont they have discipline? Dont they have an ethics class? Do they know about ethics? Yes, they have freedom to throw it there but they must not bury that there is a rule. Democracy was granted to us with the help of the Aquinos but we must not forget our responsibility. A lack of help turns to anger, make people march out to Edsa. Laziness. Let us differentiate Filipino from Chinese. The answer is already there. Poor become much poorer and richer become more richer.We Filipino give so much dependence to the government where in fact, we can do it alone and share it with others. All because of laziness. This attitude makes People Power a bad habit. Its like saying, Ang gusto ko ibigay mo, kung hindi paalisin ka namin dyan sa pwesto mo. It is saddening to note that it is a wrong practice of land. People Power is not Rebellion and not even rally. Nowadays, It is used to commit post and it is so sad. While doing this report, a news in a tv set got my attention. It was about the ki lling of the journalists. They were asking, where is body politic?I look for the meaning in my dictionary, it says,Democracy is a form of government by the people through and through elected representatives. A certain site from the Internet says Democracy is a political government either carried out by the people (direct democracy), or the queen to govern is granted to elected representatives. Simply for me, it convey freedom, the power is for people. Now, I understand. Former President Ferdinand Marcos took his responsibility carefully. He was an intelligent man. He knows how to speak to the different kinds of people in the society from elite to the poor.He had many plan to put this country to the top. But this plan glum him to a greedy one. But what was the problem? FM forgot about democracy. He forgot to appreciate the capabilities of others to lead and instead he depended on his own familiarity and skills. He forgot the rights of the people and instead he became a dictato r. That was a big problem for a country that practices democracy. Even the right to vote the simplest form to practice democracy in this country was taken. Because of that, A brave man named Ninoy Aquino decided to make change.This man sacrifices his self to open the eyes of both Filipino to fight for their rights. He said that Filipino is worth decease for. A dramatic quote which make me feel idealistic of macrocosm a Filipino. Why wonder I typed I am proud of being a Filipino in my friendster, facebook and multiply account. Every Filipino knows what L signs mean, Yellow Ribbon, Ninoy eyeglasses, yellow shirt. I hope that these are not only a trend to Filipino Fashion but kind of I hope that every Filipino will use it to produce and to preserve the good things that Ninoy and Cory did.I am not forcing everyone to vote for Noynoy but I am hoping that if Noynoy wins, Nonoy will do the same to promote democracy for I believe Like father, like son. He grew up to the family who fig hts for democracy and I am hoping he will do the same. Looking dorsum to the Edsa People Power days, I was truly amazed to see millions of people fight for freedom. I am wishing that millions of people will work also for the benefit of our country and I hope our leaders will cooperate. It is so dramatic to watch the part where people and the soldier get together together. I Thanked God for having Cory and Ninoy for our country.If only I was born back then, I will also march up to Edsa to fight for democracy. There is a feeling of patriotism in me while watching that documentary. I really appreciate what Ninoy, Cory and the rest did. God granted democracy to us with the help of these people. We have to use it wisely. We must practice it rightly and we must not forget our duty and responsibility. We must not forget the people cigaret this movement. From Rizal to Ninoy to Cory and to the future hero. Let us not forget what democracy means hoping to preserve these people and Edsa no t only to a page in history books but also within our hearts and warriors will lead that.

English as the official language of the U.S. Essay

The face linguistic process has already been established as the official wording in 28 States this would beg the question, what made these States pass such an consummation, especially since the Courts already designated such a law as being unconstitutional and infringing upon the inaugural Amendment speech castigates (Feder, 12). This question give be addressed throughout the paper, which exit first consider the legal proceedings that have occurred thus furthest for this Official slope social faecal matter.The finding of this paper is self-evident in that the objections to this movement have been rendered invalid, largely due to a lack of irrefutable arguments as the paper will demonstrate. The numerous advantages that will be highlighted will ask for, and show, the benefit to the nation to both the absolute majority as well as the minorities of make position the official linguistic process of the U. S. U. S. Legislature As of the create of the CRS Report in 2007 , 28 states in the fall in States have state English as the official phraseology in their state constitutions.On the flip side, the U. S. Constitution has enacted several laws such as the Voting Rights Act, the courtly Rights Act, and the Equal Educational Opportunities Act in an effort to protect the diction rights of the countrys minorities. These Acts authorize, amongst others, the utilization of voting materials in states and semipolitical subdivisions, with instruction manual in two languages at the aforementi geniusd(prenominal) time, as well the work of languages other than English, when deemed essential, to provide effective and efficient public and private services.The U. S. relative initiated its effort towards the Official English movement in 1984 with The English row Amendment that was proposed for the Constitution, and it culminated when The quarrel in Government Act passed the House in 1996, precisely failed to do so in the Senate. Amendments to The styl e in Government Act were later introduced, with the Inhofe Amendment passing in the 109th Congress which affirmed English as the interior(a) language, and later as the unifying language of the U. S. at the same time, ensuring the rights of minorities (Feder, 4). Consequent to Amendments that were later introduced, the passage of such Legislature would directly largely be a symbolic hotshot with negligible or zero actual effect on the inhabitants of the country, with regards to the legal aspects. This is largely because an averment by the Congress of the central place of English in our national life and culture would not, of its ingest force, require or prohibit every particular action or policy by the government or private persons.Nor would it, without more, imply the repeal or modification of existing federal or state laws and regulations sanctioning the use of non-English for various purposes, as verbalise in Feder, 4-5. Benefits The basic principle upon which the prop on e(a)nts of this movement rest their ground for making English the official language of the United States is that it serves to create a stick of unity. While this bond can be used in position to address any issues through more effective communication in the midst of the relevant parties, it also does not rob anyone of their heritage.As stated by Adams, 111, All languages and cultures are precious in our history and are to be preserved and maintained. These are not, however, public responsibilities. penurious blondness is another, much touted reason for the movement. Where equity states that all judicial hearings should allow a defendant the right to be heard in the language (s)he is most conversant and well-off with so as to permit the population to be served by the government.Parsimonious equity, on the other hand, maintains that in order to run across that the government is not bogged down under administrative cost of ensuring an interpreter for each someone need, an offic ial language must be recognized that will ensure that all legal and government related proceedings be dealt with in English. such(prenominal) a system remains true, as well as, limits the costs associated with such activities (Fishman, 59). With regards to the language-rights argument it must be noted that while protect the rights of minorities in of itself is a sufficiently altruistic and, in the case of the U.S. , demand task of the government, it must be ensured that the majority not be discriminated against either. Such a paradox would result in the formation of extreme political parties that would effectively shut out the minorities, due to their large, and united, numbers. In light of this argument, the proponents mental strain that by officiating the role of the English speaking majority in the United States the government will preclude the establishment of such extremely biased and extreme parties, and maintain the unity and equity of the nation. therefore, while it whit ethorn be historically justified for minorities to seek redress for past acts of subjugation, as usually happens with minorities, and oppose the majority, it would be more I keeping with the worry of the linguistic minorities to seek a balance, as stated by Joseph, 62. To an conclusion it seems get wordable that the minorities might feel as if they are being presented with a raw deal, but when the minorities themselves start supporting the cause for making English the official language this argument against the movement is rendered void, and is in fact turned into another reason for supporting the movement.Such a case was witnessed in atomic number 13, where the black-majority counties voted for the movement by a significant margin (Tatalovich, 244). Learning from Canada tone at the northern neighbor of the United States, proponents of the movement have implant several examples that corroborate their stand of maintaining a single official language for the country. The numerou s political conflicts that Canada has faced over its bilingual official languages consideration have merely served to show how not to operate in ones own country, in addition to clearly distinguishing the effect of considering the language issue as irrelevant and trivial.As stated by Ricento, 37, the abash strength gathered by separatism in Canada contains a lesson for the United States and its approach to bilingual education. In trying to placate a bigger amount of people by using its dual official language system, Canada has only shown to its more powerful neighbor how it is sometimes in the take of the minorities to ignore their protests and support the decision of the majority.By catering to the Quebec speaking individuals in their country Canada has given them the right to lose out on great economic benefits as shown by the research conducted by Li, 135-136 the effect of the use of an official language is signified by the $911 male earnings above the mean sluice after con trolling for other variables, and similarly, in the U. S. (Zavodny, 449). Conclusion The English language is the language of the majority as far as the U. S is concerned. There has been a movement towards making it the official language of the country in addition to it being so in over half the States already.However, this movement has subsequently led to the minorities crying foul over the perceived way out of their rights and the perceived inequitable behavior that they expect. The proponents of this movement, on the other hand, cite the greater cause of national unity, as well as that of parsimonious equity to vie with the concern of future lost income of minorities. It is the duty of the Government to instantly realize the potential benefits that will result in letting Acts found on making English the official Language through Congress. curiously since the greatest objection of minority language rights and perceived subjugation by the majority has been proven to be baseless i n light of the Alabama vote. The remaining minorities should seek to overcome their emotional attachment to their original heritage, and understand that this movement will not necessarily threaten their roots instead, it will result in greater opportunities for them through a more equitable treatment at court and business.Beyond these realizations, the government should initiate a budget towards facilitating the teaching of English to immigrants who cannot afford to learn it through their own devices. This is in light of the view that current instructions for the English language, in the United States, are inadequate to prepare them for their future life in the country (Citrin, 108). With Canada serving as an example of the effects of having more than one official language, the United States can ensure that it does not fall into the same trap by creating the equivalent Spanish-speaking enclaves in their country.Economically, politically, and culturally, having only English as the of ficial language will help deal with a lot of problems along these facets of life that will prove to, over time, gird the role of equality in the society a value that is vastly appreciated in the current era, especially in these neck of the woods. lastly this movement will succeed, because it not only enjoys widespread support from the majority and a few minorities of the U. S., but it has also managed to secure enough political support behind it to make it a key bill one that is presented to the Congress in almost every sitting since the mid-1890s.Works CitedAdams, K. L. & Brink, D. T. Perspectives on Official English The Campaign for English as the Official Language of the USA. Walter de Gruyter. Fishman, J. A. The Rise and Fall of the Ethnic Revival Perspectives on Language and Ethnicity. Walter de Gruyter. (1985). Joseph, J. E. Language and Politics. Edinburgh University Press. (2006). Ricento, T. & Burnaby, B.Language and Politics in the United States and Canada. Lawrence Erl baum Associates. (1998). Tatalovich, R. Nativism Reborn? The Official English Language Movement and the American States. University Press of Kentucky. (1995). Citrin, J. Language politics and American identity. Public Interest. (1990) p96-109. Feder, J. English as the Official Language of the United States sound Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress. CRS Report for Congress. (January 25, 2007) pp18. Li, P. S. The economics of Minority Language Identity. Canadian Ethnic Studies. (2001)

Intrapersonal effectiveness

Definite aim, vision and repose are three attri savees break of a long list that have been deemed Qualities that make ordinary mess extraordinary Monsoon, M. C. And Hager, P , 2008). As a result, in this portfolio, I exit look at an indented analysis of my knowledge inter in-person strengths and weaknesses in relation to those attributes that are presumable to assist me in my perusal of success, and those attributes that are likely to assist me in my own career path as an investment funds banker.More specific entirelyy, I provide be foc utilize on a reelection of my inter ain persuasiveness development the neo PIP measure of personality and associate these to my life experience. In conjunction to this, I overly identify how I int arrest to wee much(prenominal) attributes in regards to my career goals, which depart be done in relation to the offend criteria. 2. Interpersonal Effectiveness The definition of interpersonal effectiveness is given as understanding yourself (a nd your goals, strengths, weaknesses, style and biases) and improving self-management skills, such as time management and stress management. (De Janis, Wood, Gotcha, Dodd & Schneider, 2006, p. 3). The detailed intricacies of interpersonal effectiveness will be cross examined through the use of the Big 5, a laid-backly accurate hero based on the personality and death penalty of an individual. 2. 1 The Big Five An individuals personality can be delimitate as the characteristic patterns of thoughts, impressionings, and bearings that make a person unique. It arises from within the individual and trunk fairly consistent throughout life, (Genera Cherry, 2014).Personality is commonly seen as universe made up off number of attributes which can be defined as vast dimensions on which people vary, such as conscientiousness. intimate which category we fit into in regards to major personality traits is likely to promote us in our pursuit to reach our personal and professional goals. many a(prenominal) contemporary personality psychologists commit that there are five staple dimensions of personality, often referred to as the Big five personality traits.The five panoptic personality traits described by the theory are extr everyplacesion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neurotics, (Genera Cherry, 2014). It has been observed over time that certain personality traits can result in great success in life on some(prenominal) a personal and professional level. In relation to investment banking, personality traits such as being resilient, charming and flexible have all been tapern to align with 2. abstract and reflection of results My personality tribulation names (see Table 1 below) show that I am high in extroversion and conscientiousness but low in Neurotics.This result labels me as an individual whose traits include characteristics such as excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of ablaze expressiveness in th e extroversion category, and high levels of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal- directed behaviors in the conscientiousness (Costa & McCrae, 1999). From both my personal and professional experience, I can see a secure connection between the rats of a extroversion and conscientiousness individual and myself.In the preceding(a) I have been regarded as social and assertive (almost overpowering), but also a friend who is willing to help others solve their personal problems, all of which are characteristics of extroversion and conscientiousness. In terms of neurotics, I also feel as if the low score was an accurate scaling for me as I am a very positive young member of parliamentary agency who is b littleed with the opportunities and success that life has presented me with so far. Table 1.NEO-PIP Results Dimension My score Neurotics 15/50 Extroversion 43/50 Openness to father 9/50 Agreeableness 27/50 Conscientiousness 35/50 that I do poses extroversion qualities whic h will help me in my pursuit to run short a happy investment banker, but I also poses qualities such as compassion and thoughtfulness which might imbibe me back, (Sarah Butcher, 2013). Investment banking can be a cut throat effort where your personal decisions can determine the future of hundreds of peoples Jobs. If I let my conscientious traits get in the way of the bigger picture, I might not be able to perform at the top of the league.Although it might be perceived as a negative attribute, it is possible that to be successful in my reflections career, I direct to learn to be less benignant and let situations get hold of on there natural course without act to fix them myself. I plan on doing this by goal telescope using the SMART criteria, and Kolas experiential learning theory. 2. 3 Goal view My personal goal is to improve on the core elements of the trait conscientiousness, but rather than trying to increase my depth in this field, I hold still for to decrease my scor e on the NEO PIP test over a period of twelve months.By doing so I will score low in all traits except Extroversion, which is where I unavoidableness to be to excel and match the resonantly of a successful investment banker. By using SMART goals and experiential learning theory (Kola, 1984), I believe that I can set specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and timely goal of fall my conscientiousness to a score of below 25 on the NEO PIP test. I aim on doing this by actively implementing a reflective learning method that will decrease amounts of sympathy, compassion and the need to solve issues that dont nowadays affect me.I will implement this plan using Kolas experiential learning theory (Salesman, C. K. , & Rider, E. A. (2008). This involves 1. Understanding the importance f emotional intelligence in all aspects of life. 1. 1 . Self-awareness Understanding and mastering my own emotions and being aware of their origins. 1. 2. Self- management knowing my boundaries, only get involved in situations that will directly affect my personal and professional performance. 1. 3. social awareness Becoming familiar with recognizing hierarchy within crowds and knowing when to take control of a situation. . 4. Relationship management Learning the ability to become unanimously liked by social groups, manage conflict, inspire and mould people to communicate clearly. 2. Join a real work group in a study area with a clear performance goal. 3. Incorporating communication strategies in the first group meeting, including 3. 1 non blindly rejecting opinions or options that seem weak or lack creativity. 3. 2 Not forcing my ideas onto others, use l suggest or l propose. 4.Examining my behavior and performance by creating a reflective Journal at the end of each meeting, and seek constructive criticism to enhance my learning procedure and gain a higher understanding of the impression I exit behind. 5. Reflecting on my overall performance of the process and repeating all l ocomote in a second work rope if necessary. Throughout this portfolio, I have reflected on my interpersonal attributes, and have set specific SMART goals to solve the primary imperfection identified (higher levels of conscientiousness than needed for an investment banker).First, I assessed my interpersonal effectiveness through the use of the Big Five model of personality. Second, I evaluated the likely implications of these attribute scores for both my personal and my professional success. Third, I identified one detailed SMART goal, which focused on decreasing my empathy, compassion and need to resolve issues hat dont directly affect me, and provided a detailed outline to show how I intend to meet this goal.In conclusion, I believe that although decreasing my conscientiousness might baseborn that I come across as a slightly less caring person, in the long run it will help me happen upon my professional goal of becoming a successful investment banker.

Police Perception In My Community Essay

INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE residential theater of operations orientated Policing is a philosophical system and non a specific tactic, It is a proactive, change approach, designed to reduce villainy, disorder, and by extension, fear of horror, by intensely involving the uniform officer in the same partnership on a semiper universeent basis, so that residents pass on develop trust to cooperate with rightfulness by providing information and assistance to achieve those deuce-ace crucial goals (Trojanowicz and Carter,1988) The Violent curse Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (Crime Act) is widely recognized as a significant milest superstar in confederation policing. It was mean by chair Clinton and Attorney customary Reno as the changing of policing. The legislation provided the funding fomite for an additional pennyury,000 practice of law officers to boost law enforcement efforts in a mood of nationwide anxiety ab aside crime. The Act gave the theatrical role of friendship orient Policing Services (OCOPS) the task of supporting a major drive toward grow participation of interests policing in solid foundations to become the prevailing orthodoxy in American law enforcement.(Nicholl, 1999)Law Enforcement Agencies throughout the country look to part of participation Oriented Policing Services to repair their knowledge run. According to OCOPS, connection of interests policing focuses on crime and social disorder through the deli actu bothy of natural law services that includes aspects of traditional law enforcement, as well as prevention, problem-solving, residential area eng festerment, and partnerships. The community policing model balances reactive solutions to c altogethers for service with proactive problem-solving centimeered on the causes of crime and disorder. biotic community policing requires legal philosophy and citizens to join together as partners in the scat of both identifying and effectively savoir-faireing thes e issues. It is important to note then the nationals cognition of the natural law is an essential element for the success of Community Policing- modestd strategies. throughout the country, studies have been made that correlate legal philosophy light and Community Policing.During the one-time(prenominal) 20 forms, on that point has been an expanding body of inquiry examining citizens attitudes toward the law of nature. Most of this explore has been order at assessing the determinants of these attitudes. In contrast, less attention has been focused on the reasons why citizens hold certain attitudes (Frank et al,2005)The fountain then, as a member of the Chesterfield patrol incision, has a special interest in Community Policing and natural law Perception, close especially in his own community. This research them aims to bailiwick law of nature Perception peculiar(a)ly in the Community of Chesterfield Township, a part of The County of Macomb in the articulate of Mic higan.It is worth mentioning that The Chesterfield guard Department s aim is embodied in its mission statement it is committed to providing the superiorest quality of public service and crime prevention while maintaining the publics respect and protecting the rights and lordliness of everyone. The Chesterfield guard Department is dedicated to strong community relationships while providing a safe environment to upraise the quality of life for our citizens and visitors, which is very often in line with the concept of Community Policing.This is further supported by this law Departments value statement , abbreviated as POLICE, which includes developing an everlasting PARTNERSHIP among the Community, having a dedicated to the swearword of protecting and serving all raft ,recognizing the importance of all Department members and Citizens, treating each other with fairness, LOYALTY and respect , maintaining the highest degree of INTEGRITY, universe creditworthy and account fitti ng for their own actions and decisions , believing that COOPERATION and teamwork will enable them to achieve all goals of this Department and having a commitment to EXCELLENCE in the consummation of their duties (http//www.chesterfield townsfolk legal philosophy.com/values.htm) The Chesterfield constabulary Departments committal and Value statements share the same elements with the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services which aims to help law enforcement agencies implement and enhance community policing, defined as a policing philosophy that promotes and supports organizational strategies to address the causes and reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through problem-solving tactic and legal philosophy-community partnerships. (C.O.P.S. http//www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=36/ ) Chesterfield Township is located in Macomb County, Michigan and encompasses an area of approximately 26 square miles. The universe at the 2000 census was 37,004. This increase to 446,9 62 in the year 2006. (Muller, 2006) The Township was established in 1842 and became a pack Township in 1989 by Resolution. (Pall, 2002) In Chesterfield, The number of violent crimes save by the FBI in 2003 was 28. The number of murders and homicides was 1. The violent crime rate was 0.7 per 1,000 people.Meanwhile, in the whole Macomb county, of which Chesterfield is included, a total of 22,395 were reported for the year 2000 , a absolute majority of reports were for Larceny and Motor vehicle theft. Sixteen of the reports for that year were on murder, 309 for snipe and 384 reports on robbery for that year (Federal Bureau of Investigation to the discipline catalogue of Criminal referee Data, University of Michigan) It is in from scope then that the author pull together info for the completion of this research Guided by feedback from other researches undertaken on legal philosophy Perception of the community such as these Gathering data on crime and community policing at the local level not exactly supplements our national data, but besides allows local officials to identify their peculiar(a) crime control chooses, said Bureau of Justice Statistics Director Jan Chaiken. As part of the Justice Departments emphasis on police working with residents in their neighborhoods, we are giving local law enforcement agencies tools to analyze much(prenominal) well-nigh crimes and public opinion that may not be reported to the police.Community policing is a crime fighting strategy that encourages law enforcement to work in partnership with the community to solve crime problems. The high degree of citizen support for Americas neighborhood police officers is a testament to the dedicated men and women who work day in and day out to establish relationships with residents in their communities, said Deputy Attorney General Eric Holder. These relationships help citizens and police work together to promote community safety. (Smith et al, 1999) In light of these statem ents, this research was undertaken to determine the Police Perception in the Community of Chesterfield Township, whether it is substantiating or cast out through the use of a Police Perception survey adapted from earlier studies made by other police department in certain cities, particularly Portland (Campbell De long, 2005) , Pasadena (Police perspicacity pick Center, 2006). wampum (The wampum Community Policing Evaluation Consortium, 2004) and Kentucky (Kentucky Crime Prevention Coalition) it also aims to provide demographic crack-up of survey respondents in relation to their Police Perception in Chesterfield Township. Such information will enable the Chesterfield Police Department to continue living out their mission statement and exist the philosophy of Community Policing by either maintaining or improving their performance found on their communitys police sensing, as will be determined by the survey through for this take aim. It is the hope of this author that this r esearch will also lead to the initiation of other studies concerning his community and the other areas in the County of Macomb, and even the State of Michigan to further improve the Police Departments public service performance to ensure the safety of the citizens. look into OF RELATED LITERATUREThe idea of examining Police Perception is not new. The communitys percept of the police department has been linked to the success of police programs to promote safety in the neighborhood. A study made by Gallagher. Et al in 2001, summarizes the studies made gazeing Police Image and Communitys wisdom of the Police in a The open Image of the Police Final Report to The International tie-in of Chiefs of Police. Research findings vertex out that Polls of the adult population in the United States since the 1960s face that the majority of the public has an over-all positive view of the police. Depending on the year and the particular measure used, the percentage of respondents with a positiv e assessment of police has been betwixt 51 and 81 percent. When asked to assess service to their own neighborhoods, respondents tend to obtain even higher evaluations. Relatively few citizens offer a negative assessment of police. (Gallagher et al. 2001). Research also recognizes that Police Perception has a commodious impact on the success of the promulgation of Community Policing. Trojanowicz & Carter( 1991) discuss the philosophy and role of community policing. It points out that Community Policings unique ploughshare is a radical departure from the past and the present. While todays community policing efforts retain the best elements of the foot patrol programs of the past, they are intended to avoid both the old systems abuses and shortcomings. In Community Policing, Community Justice, and Restorative Justice Exploring the Links for the Delivery of a equilibrize Approach to Public Safety Nicholl in 1999 with a report funded by Grant No. 98-CK-WX-0059 awarded to the Nationa l Victim Center by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice. It discusses the concept of Community extensively, in a polity-makers perspective.Liou & Savage make the connection between Community Policing Strategies and Public Perception of Police through their research Citizen Perception of Community Policing pretendThis study examines the impact of community policing by analyzing citizens apprehension of crime and police work before and after implementation of a community-oriented policing program in tierce neighborhoods in the city of West Palm Beach, Florida. The study reveals very positive findings about the community policing, including perception of decreased local crime, change magnitude perception of police performance, neighborhood improvement, and police-community relationship. Implications concerning the relationship between the community and the police, and citizen felicity and public services are discussed.( Liou & Savage)Many other studies have been done to examine Police perception and these take into consideration different variables, being done in various settings. Frank, Smith and Novak (2005) focused on the reasons why citizens have certain attitudes towards police officer. Their study uses the survey responses of 613 residents of a western city to examine the information accessed by citizens when responding to drumheads regarding their general and specific attitudes toward the police. The findings counsel that citizens focus on attributes of agencies and encounters, some focus on the behavior of officers during interactions, and others base their attitudes on general perceptions of the occupation of policing. A comprehensive look at Police perception issues can be found in embrown & Benedicts article Perceptions of the police Past findings, methodological issues, abstract issues and policy implications which is a research updates and expands upon Deckers article Citizen attitudes toward the p olice a review of past findings and suggestions for future policy by summarizing the findings from more than 100 articles on perceptions of and attitudes toward the police.Initially, the value of research on attitudes toward the police is discussed. Then the research pertaining to the impact of individual level variables (e.g. race) and contextual level variables (e.g. neighborhood) on perceptions of the police is reviewed. Studies of juveniles attitudes toward the police, perceptions of police policies and practices, methodological issues and conceptual issues are also discussed. This review of the lit indicates that only four variables (age, contact with police, neighborhood, and race) have consistently been proven to change attitudes toward the police. (Brown & Benedict,2002) In wrong of application, several police departments have made their own studies on Police Perception. Community Policing in Chicago an Evaluation of Chicagos Alternative Policing Strategy Prepared by The C hicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium was done in through a parcel out awarded to award to the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority in 2004. The Portland Police Bureau 2005 Community Assessment Survey was conducted for city of Portland, Bureau of Police by Campbell de long resources Inc in August 2005Police Assessment imaginativeness Center and Vera get of Justice completed Assessing Police-Community Relations in Pasadena, atomic number 20 in 2006 . The Kentucky Crime Prevention Coalition, meanwhile, adapted the use of a Community Policing Survey.HYPOTHESISH0= there is no significant percentage of Chesterfield Residents who have a have a positive perception of the Chesterfield Police DepartmentH1= There is a significant percentage of Chesterfield Residents who Have a positive perception of the Chesterfield Police DepartmentMETHODOLOGY Taking into consideration the limit points in man effect and resources for this research, a simple random sampling method was utilize to come up with the survey results. ground on the calculation for a 95 per cent confidence level and confidence interval of five, the attempt size was 275. The survey was conducted by distributing survey forms in several households approximately the Township of Chesterfield. Respondents were limited to Chesterfield residents above 18 years of age. Only one respondent per household was accepted. These survey forms, consisting of eight simple questions pertaining to the residents perception of the police, which was based on survey forms used by other Police Departments as stated in the literature review. Only eight questions were included in the survey, because these questions focused on Police Perception. This is due to the scope and resource limitation stated earlier. A copy of this questionnaire is included in the appendix component of this paper This studys objective is to present data about Police Perception of the residents of the Township of Chesterfield in Mac omb County in the State of Michigan. This research is done to parade that the general perception of police in the precedent population perceive the police positively. The try size was 275 respondents in the township of Chesterfield, which has a population of 446,962 in the latest census in the year 2006. found on a confidence level of 95 and a confidence interval of 5, the sample size is sufficient to estimate the response of this community regarding their perception of the Chesterfield Police Department. approximate 1 shows the demographic breakdown of respondents by race. More than half of the respondents were Caucasians, which also reflected the actual population of Caucasians, 93 % of Chesterfield population, in the 2000 Census made by the US Census Bureau. In the sample population, 61 per cent was composed of Caucasian or fair residents. Other races composes 14.5 percent and 12 percent were of African-American descent. Asians comprised 5.5 per cent and 4.4 % of sample pop ulation were Hispanics/Latino. Meanwhile, 1.1 per cent was American Indians and Pacific islanders compose on 0.7 per cent. base on these figures, it can be surmised that the Chesterfield Township was predominantly Caucasian, in terms of the population. The relationship of this data to the results concerning Police Perception will be discussed later. The study only included residents who were 18 years old of age and above. The data shows that majority of respondents were from the 18-29 age group, with a percentage of 39 of the sample population. The age group with the least number of respondents was that of residents 50-59 years old, representing only 9 per cent of the sample population. This signifies that the Chesterfield township has fairly young residents, as seen by the larger percentage of those below middle age. Given the limited man power and resources, the author opt to estimate Police Perception using only eight questions adapted from other studies stated earlier. The fir st three questions were on how the community perceived police officers, based on their encounters. The fourth question estimated the residents opinion about the adequacy of the number of police officers in the community. The fifth, 6th and seventh questions estimated residents perception of police based on three parameters- behavior, competency to assess needs and relationship of police officers to residents themselves. The last question asked the residents to ground their over-all perception by indicating their rating for the Chesterfield Township Police Department. Figure 3 Police Perception Responses in Chesterfield Township Community shows the relationships of responses of residents to the first three survey questions. As evident in the chart, answers for the questions on police perception based on encounters follow a similar pattern, indicating that most respondents associate that police officers are prompt, professional and fair. Figure 4 represents the respondents opinion on the need for more police officers in the community. Based on the results gathered, majority, 36.4 per cent , slightly agree that there is a need for more police officers in the community. As a whole, though, it can be seen that more residents disagreed and strongly disagreed, 14.5 and 7.3 per cent respectively, that there was further need for more police presence as compared to respondents who agreed,9.1 per cent, and strongly agreed,1.8 per cent to the augmentation of police visibility. With regard to the Chesterfield communitys perception of Police based on three parameters, their responses follow a similar trend, as evident in Figure 5. In terms of behavior, 49 . 5 per cent rated police goodish. 32. 7 % gave Chesterfield police officers a rating of excellent. evenhandedly was how 14. 5 per cent rated police in the community while 3.6 per cent did not know how to answer this question. In their ability to address the need of the community, Chesterfield police officers were ag ain rated Good by 54 . 5 per cent of the residents. An keen rating was given by 29.1 per cent, while decent was what 11. 6 per cent deemed appropriate. There were 4.7 per cent of the population, though, that didnt know how to rate their police officers. When it comes to relationships between Chesterfield residents and their communitys police, majority, 43.6 per cent chose to rate this, as Good, white was give as rating by 27. 3 per cent of the population and 21.8 gave an Excellent mark. There were 7.3 residents, though that were still unsure how to rate the Chesterfield communitys relationship with its police officers. Based on this information, Police perception in the areas specified were rated Good by a majority of Chesterfield residents. This point out a positive view of the townships police officers. In relation to this positive response, the over-all rating of Chesterfield township community residents is seen in Figure 6. However, here, we see a shift of the rating from Goo d to Fair. Apparently, most residents, 40.4 per cent particularly, perceive the Chesterfield Police Departments performance as Fair. Thirty two per cent conceive that the townships police deserve a good rating. Approximately 25 per cent believe their Police force is ExcellentHYPOTHESIS TESTING This limitation of this study has been presented in the previous chapters. It is important to reiterate that this is mainly, a descriptive study. However, for research purposes, the Hypothesis that There is a significant percentage of Chesterfield Residents who Have a positive perception of the Chesterfield Police Department has been stated, with its corresponding null opening There is no significant lower percentage of Chesterfield Residents who have a have a positive perception of the Chesterfield Police Department. Based on the data presented, there is evidence to believe that on all eight questions, the communitys police perception leaned towards a positive image of the members of the Chesterfield Police department. Although specific statistical tools were not applied on the data, the descriptive statistics show that the Hypothesis should be accepted and the null speculation are rejected.CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS This study aims to observe the Chesterfield communitys perception of its police officers. Based on the data present, it is evident that most residents of this community hold a positive perception of their police officers. Descriptive Statistics show evidence of these, based on the percentages of positive responses. This study, however is simplistic and there are a lot about Police perception these communities that should be evaluated so that they are translated into information that can improve the services of the Police Department. The data gathered for this research however, can be a deport to others who will pursue such inquiry on Police Perception and who are interested in this area as a subject matter on evaluation of Community Policing Prog rams, much like what other police departments have done in their respective communities. It is important to point out, however, that more resource be invested in such an endeavor to be able to come up with data that is comprehensive and more accurate. It is the hope of this author, though that this simple research has given a glimpse of the Chesterfields communitys perception of its police officers, and serve as a startle board to more advanced and relevant research.REFERENCESAnnan, Sampson O.(1995) NATIONAL SURVEY OF associationPOLICING STRATEGIES, 1992-1993 Computer file. ICPSR version. Washington, DC The Police Foundation producer, 1994. Ann Arbor, MI Inter-university Consortium for Political and hearty Research distributor,Brown, B. & Benedict W. (2002) Perceptions of the police Past findings, methodological issues, conceptual issues and policy implications Policing An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 25,543 580Campbell Delong mental imagerys, Inc.(2 005) Portland Police Bureau 2005 Community AssessmentSurvey Conducted for City of Portland, Bureau of Police RETRIVED 27 APRIL 2008from http//www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=105839Chesterfield, Michigan. Podunk, The mogul of Place retrieved 29 April 2008from http//www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=21700Frank, J, Smith, B.W., Novak, K.J. (2005)Exploring the Basis of Citizens Attitudes Toward the Police Police Quarterly 8, 206-228Gallagher, Maguire, E., Mastrofski, S., Reisig, D.(2001) The Public Image of the Police Final Report to The International Association of Chiefs of Police By The Administration of Justice Program George Mason University. 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(2006)Assessing Police-Community Relations in Pasadena, California. retrieved on 28 April 2008 from http//www.parc.info/client_files/Pasadena/Assessing%20Police%20Community%20Relations%20in%20Pasadena%20California.pdfScaglion , R. & Condon, R. (1980) Determinants Of Attitudes Toward City Police. Criminology 17, 485494Sims, B., Hooper,M., Peterson S.A. (2002) Determinants of citizens attitudes toward police Results of the Harrisburg Citizen Survey 1999 Policing An International Journal of Police Strategies & Managem ent, 25, 457 471The Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium ( 2004 ) CAPS at Ten Community Policing in Chicago An Evaluation of Chicagos Alternative Policing Strategy. Institute for Police Research retrieved 27 April 2008 from http//www.northwestern.edu/ipr/publications/policing_papers/Yr10-CAPSeval.pdfTrojanowicz R.C. & Carter, D. The Philosophy and Role of Community Policing. 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